Combatting Disinformation How Do We Create Resilient Springer

Bonisiwe Shabane
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combatting disinformation how do we create resilient springer

You have full access to this open access article A Correction to this article was published on 31 May 2025 This article addresses the critical issue of societal resilience in the face of disinformation, particularly in highly digitized democratic societies. Recognizing the escalating impact of disinformation as a significant threat to societal security, the study conducts a scoping review of the literature from 2018 to 2022 to explore the current understanding and approaches to... The core contribution of the article is the development of a preliminary typological framework that addresses key elements and issue areas relevant to societal resilience to disinformation. This framework spans multiple dimensions, including legal/regulatory, educational, political/governance, psychological/social-psychological, and technological domains.

By synthesizing existing knowledge and filling identified gaps, the framework aims to serve as a foundational tool for empirical analyses and the enhancement of resilience strategies. One of the innovative aspects of the proposed framework is its potential to be transformed into a computable and customizable tool. This tool would measure the maturity level of various countermeasures against disinformation, thereby providing a practical methodology for planning and implementing effective democratic responses to disinformation. The article emphasizes the importance of this framework as both a conceptual and practical guide. It offers valuable insights for a wide range of civil society actors, including policymakers, educators, and technologists, in their efforts to protect information integrity and bolster societal resilience. By laying the groundwork for a more comprehensive understanding of societal resilience to disinformation, the article contributes to the broader discourse on information protection and provides actionable guidance for addressing the evolving challenges posed...

Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript. In highly digitized democratic societies, there are growing concerns about the impact of disinformation. European countries have faced significant challenges related to disinformation issues, such as elections, fundamental democratic values, pandemics, and migration, among others. This has prompted the European Commission (2018a) to outline four pillars in its action plan on tackling online disinformation. These include improving institutional capabilities, fostering coordinated responses, engaging the private sector, and raising awareness. The Digital Services Act (European Union 2022) has binding regulatory powers to address large social media platforms, for instance, if they are deemed to be promoting and disseminating disinformation.

However, the effectiveness of these measures remains uncertain. The Global Risks Report 2024 by the World Economic Forum (2024) clearly illustrates this, ranking disinformation as the most severe short-term (2-year) global risk and placing societal polarization in third place – with both... �/��������y�)�%�XĤ>�bƈrNă1�����[�����hݞ�5}�L?�!� �C7D{yh�[œ������z���}׋�{�gO��M�f/�B� �#�w��d�Wzv(*� w�[�d*��� tT�� ૵�ϸB���]�)����~����UqF'޼� �O���7k�| ��*1�ߤ���#G����<�A����o��������u]Z��npg��)��{�F�y��#���[�u��N�%�=B��_E^��~�Ǡ� 041?� _� �� 3�E����&{��6���G��^ܫА>p�k9�0-{?o�kiM�9QO:7�7#2�MP��r���(��-��!��e�˨k����o{���{����ͩ�L�ܜ���x|���n�(���'Upݡ`�9. Fy��P0j�Z/X�9��\� �T����%wə��ʃ��l�k��?ງ��m9ӎ.M9#�B���5�o s3P��c۸�XG�E~� ���+�N����Ҏ���j�����ݶ��u�?\E��]�����ږ��� ��/w�J���� ���;�ư��8��x�h!5�4R�� pC�xK�QS�J>������������� O���:��e�n�#~EyG��x�s1 �DyY�����1�}�;I����2w�:BE��Ay\C�GY���a���^���-Gx��/���y�p n!�*�C� �B�DT� � \�D*\�0�� \��*Lp�B� .T�p��.T�p ?_��73{�����r߁���?���3�3��3�%��%�?��^�e��.�1��b�10�(<��K-�<�n]]ޭG:yT�BG{�k�Ǐ��r��|π ��v�`�v�f@�C���_T�`�:�ۚj@C��`�M?)X����5Ѿ/}�U�gUsq�c��z҆���J"��:��f�+��𐑀�D�2.�e�A�y�[�����x`�o1nS5��p�q���� ��C���*��6�O���� �h��hO����j~�$���j�<��@��x�jq�A���q=�~�.菪��m-�����P������ �R5�t��~�\��Do���>Ԋ 7i �5lA��z.d��NW�@��p�!�m�����7�ٍ��wNF�[G�*�ĪR?i,��}�ՠ�H9��ڿͨM?�^��0 ˰�2l��<��}'@�x������K�†]�I�L��T����A��{clش ��8 ��v�����}�AM��Z�N�s,���{�ǣ5N!9{�!2�sI�{c#�x��6ض�[��#�m�8*!�(Ż��?��>�Z���N�a��1�z_�?����� �Z�,��=f��s�S���Ml ���.W���QuZ5��J [�Dg��:q?L`O����q�� ��v�G�h��� fz��b�~ }- g�P먞J@�D_�`���~d��{JМ���u�P�i�&uܥ9T��ʺ4rK �ۨ�b�Q>�Si�f��3��p���E�����F]����w��a,�2 (~�s�lأە5}�wKb�.�c�G�����I?��0... �=��z���%�[B�m��R��I?K{c��@�7�͹�:��G�k�^._�� j1�>6ѸQ07 �<�!�c{Dg��dΔq$c�ێ��];$'4�q<0��N������)�}+i+��7��1�{�'[f�^쫵|�vʹ#�_w�a��T���p庱�&��ټ��z�/�>o�'���c�a��pO�e?~��p��k�l���bo�봜2ge�*س��F�Kǿ\9h�co����>��za^�s��a�v]�]5�}��ڦ�K��h�����5y�d_ʿl&�_�w���8�D����S_Ȓ>g��zuվ�����[�q�-%�H�2��)\.X!0 �s� �Ct$��zN��H]"`�&�W0�"a��T�0.D�K)\���2o�f�� g��=���vwv~��������MeGd�}�Y[kL�� tU��T��3�zA�c��:�ގ�6��U������C�zV�. �ob� ��� 9-��c�2a�g_ /Hϫ뾊��K��EG��4��{���sؙǧA�^S�Mu���[�r�G4��-3���>�����Xs}�\{B>��CjN��u�/u���o��Y�Im�M�v�mr�ƺnNn�iw��� �]��njF��us�Ҡ� �[�w^�����A���M���������u+`�k,4� �{��}��5Q�>{;9���X�%�mO����Ǎ���t>�nL�K�+|�N�^�����c5p���Z� ȏ�.�����;�CX���'_�,b;���i�.؆C�1���k`����N�?��wm޿��[�C��y��{~�c�.ʾ�r��F�<�$2�I�l��~��Cc�n�:G�0 �50��' EO{�d�YH�銭��,?�vH�<�o�k?PsN�@�C9�Bwg�ޣwx��KL?�;��u�I�[���9�Ҡ�t�-t�S��v���~������K익h��f[+��]�p����(���!�� d��������C�|�5�b�+�9?���?"��V������Q�~]���\)w��e@��ؠO���}��{W ���ׁ/��:���k�/uֲ����>�]�o>n�5�ೌC����aW�)a����uՊ>��:��be�|���^�u��Cޅ���C�KJ�{'4}��h ���I��<0���=[�3���K����>�s���x��k�O�����-�Q�ȸ�X�c�>�������O�m@��ʟ}������rH��V��7�����Z�.e}^��U�Vm1���1_��1�C�+{�~�.�X�英�[�{O�M�'��g��Q֟��������hܦ�͚�h��'��S^� ����'s�G�3�G4�k�X;"���7Br��X���G��ej�y?�$��1� � �)��%*��p�{�sA�g 6��~.�gc���`���>��B�/rO�ls�ϻ���e/�]n}�z7�X�BfЎzȕ��{���e?�v��!� �,�zd���e�\�kt� �v���Y{�ǯ���J���~-�}���, ��nX: ��4����q��sC��Oz���C��I˔�E��/��%�ojF���:#�����'4ˣ'��}X�H��������?��0m[�熾T�3j��;�'M�V�R�Z͉ﱜ��>}��}ȸ���wdY�nP��G�EO>y7�.��$_/K?懋�A�'y���[j��s} ���<+s�H��.M��"��P�� - 3��ڷ��;�T�����o��}Ľ� �����}��ʰ�y\����i�!�7yA�s��x,��J���1W���N��յ!�.��~ �u�,� ����7 �F ������L���Z1'_;V��\�����L����Ԯ� �9��}X��y�� ��k�S\�i�on����.�Xv�2j���l��'ޗ�?`]�+���U���c�6����L��k��Bk`��������Io|�`�������\$8#_ &Y��I���W���x�/��Jo�p_�W(_Jc\� �Nq4�� î̉�z��ƈ�m�ˁ�����+�ᛅ|zl��ޤ�?1le���Q�������fy"����y�WX~�fyUx>$����ǥ���61�{�|N�)���3�K�'{z����ք��)ˈ�Q��H�nԜ�KNʩ��}E�MZ���#�Uij4L�((((R�H��E�+N蔬¢[�%^������C^%�CY�U�b����BNp���HWR�+\����+,�%((�h\...

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