Psychological Dimensions Of Disinformation Etiological Factors And
This comprehensive review explores the psychological dimensions of disinformation, examining its etiological factors and potential mitigation strategies. The paper delves into the circumstances that make individuals susceptible to disinformation, highlighting the role of emotional arousal, information deficits, and digital environments in amplifying vulnerability. It discusses the impact of disinformation on societal functioning, including its effects on the economic, political, and social spheres. This article emphasizes the importance of critical thinking, source verification, and emotional regulation as key psychological tools in combating disinformation. It also examines the relationship between personality traits and susceptibility to false information, noting the complex interplay between traits such as conscientiousness, openness to experience, and agreeableness. Emerging challenges, such as deepfake technology, are addressed, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary approaches in disinformation research and mitigation efforts.
The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role of psychological insights in developing effective countermeasures against the proliferation of false information in the digital age. To illustrate the circumstances under which we become particularly susceptible to disinformation, consider a scenario where an individual experiences a stimulus that elicits intense emotional arousal, primarily manifesting as fear, anxiety, or anger. This stimulus could originate from global or national political events, personal relationships, or self-related occurrences. These affective states are evolutionarily designed to mobilize the individual for defensive action in a broad sense (Kragel & LaBar, 2016; LeDoux, 2017; Kossowska et al., 2020). Consequently, the initial response will be an attempt to regulate these emotions. In instances where an individual encounters a situation that induces significant emotional activation but simultaneously presents an information deficit—particularly regarding coping mechanisms—the natural cognitive response is to seek out the missing information.
This information-seeking behavior typically manifests in the utilization of digital search engines via computers or mobile devices. The individual engages in exploratory behavior across news platforms and social media networks, with the objective of acquiring knowledge about the emotionally salient situation through various means. This phenomenon can be exemplified by an internet user researching developments on the Ukrainian conflict or a parent actively seeking medical interventions for a critically ill child. These examples illustrate the intersection of emotional arousal, information deficits, and subsequent information-seeking behavior in the digital age. When an individual engages in information-seeking behavior on the internet regarding a salient topic, particularly one of current relevance, they are confronted with an overwhelming volume of search results, often numbering in the hundreds... The individual is exposed to a plethora of headlines from innumerable web sources, each potentially containing pertinent information.
Additionally, they encounter a vast array of user-generated content on social media platforms such as X or Facebook, including posts, comments, and specialized groups purporting to consist of domain experts or interested parties. In today’s interconnected world, information spreads at an unprecedented rate, facilitated by the ubiquity of social media and online platforms. While this rapid dissemination can be a powerful tool for sharing knowledge and connecting individuals, it also presents a fertile ground for the proliferation of misinformation and disinformation, posing a significant challenge to individual... Understanding the psychology behind the creation, dissemination, and acceptance of false information is crucial for developing effective strategies to combat its negative impacts. This article delves into the psychological factors that contribute to the spread of misinformation and disinformation, exploring the cognitive biases, emotional influences, and social dynamics that make individuals susceptible to falsehoods and how these... One key psychological factor contributing to the spread of misinformation is the presence of cognitive biases, which are mental shortcuts that simplify information processing but can lead to systematic errors in judgment.
Confirmation bias, for example, leads individuals to favor information that aligns with their pre-existing beliefs and reject information that challenges them. This bias makes people more likely to accept misinformation that confirms their worldview and dismiss corrective information, creating echo chambers where false narratives are reinforced. Similarly, the availability heuristic, which prioritizes readily available information, can make vivid or emotionally charged misinformation more persuasive than dry facts, even if less accurate. The illusory truth effect, where repeated exposure to a statement increases its perceived truthfulness, further compounds the problem, as repeated exposure to misinformation, even if debunked, can solidify its acceptance. Emotional influences also play a significant role in the spread of misinformation. Fear, anger, and anxiety can make individuals more susceptible to accepting emotionally charged narratives, even if they lack factual basis.
Misinformation that taps into these emotions can go viral, as individuals are more likely to share content that evokes strong emotional responses. This emotional contagion can create a sense of shared outrage or fear, further solidifying the belief in the misinformation and contributing to its spread. Moreover, the desire for social belonging and the need for certainty can drive individuals to accept misinformation that aligns with the beliefs of their social groups, even if they have private doubts about its... This conformity pressure can reinforce existing echo chambers and make it difficult for individuals to challenge dominant narratives, even when presented with evidence to the contrary. The design and algorithms of social media platforms also contribute to the spread of misinformation. Algorithms prioritize engagement, often promoting sensationalized or emotionally charged content, regardless of its accuracy.
This can create filter bubbles, where individuals are primarily exposed to information that aligns with their existing beliefs, further reinforcing confirmation bias and limiting exposure to diverse perspectives. The anonymity afforded by online platforms can also embolden individuals to spread misinformation without fear of accountability, while the lack of clear cues about the credibility of sources online makes it challenging to distinguish... This information overload can overwhelm individuals’ cognitive resources, making them more reliant on heuristics and emotional cues, increasing their vulnerability to misinformation. Combating the spread of misinformation and disinformation requires a multi-pronged approach that addresses both individual cognitive biases and the structural factors that contribute to its dissemination. Promoting media literacy and critical thinking skills is essential for equipping individuals with the tools to evaluate information critically and identify potential misinformation. This includes teaching individuals to recognize common logical fallacies, evaluate the credibility of sources, and consider alternative perspectives.
Fact-checking organizations and media outlets play a crucial role in debunking false narratives and providing accurate information, but their efforts need to be amplified and made more accessible to the public. Social media platforms also bear a responsibility to address the spread of misinformation on their platforms by implementing stricter content moderation policies, improving the transparency of their algorithms, and promoting authoritative sources of information. Disinformation, or the intentional creation and spread of false information, is a growing national security concern. While the use of information operations is not a new phenomenon—various actors have used them throughout history for a range of objectives—the connectivity that characterizes the world today allows both information and disinformation to... It is not surprising that a rapidly increasing number of adversaries and domestic US actors are coming to understand the utility of the information space for achieving their objectives and are seeking to weaponize... The use of disinformation has led directly to real-world events and violence, can have a demonstrable impact on a recipient’s behavior, and can lead its promulgators to achieve some goals simply through its existence,...
Because disinformation’s primary impact occurs in the mind, technological, political, or military solutions alone cannot sufficiently mitigate the threat. This report is the result of an extensive literature review across multiple domains, including disinformation, psychology, military science, foreign affairs, economics, computer science, and marketing. Through the literature review, we identified four key psychological principles related to the absorption and spread of disinformation: initial information processing; cognitive dissonance; the influence of groups, beliefs, and novelty; and the role of... This report describes each psychological principle, explains how the principle contributes to the absorption and spread of disinformation, and details ways to mitigate the effect of the principle on the spread of disinformation. A critical takeaway from the identification of these principles is that they are not unique to absorbing and spreading disinformation. These same principles are key to absorbing and spreading true information as well.
Thus, at an individual level, it appears that disinformation is absorbed and spread through normal, routine, and adaptive mechanisms, which malign actors can exploit and manipulate for their own objectives. The four psychological principles we identified are: DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release: distribution unlimited. gB����M���W�w��o8��=����Z��Y��o��6�#���˼u�W j���]�\Ws�Gs��h��o���C{�,G»���Am��\�:�f�!��x�SB��]�^*�d��c<�8[�@Ec^���F�E3�Au%�����ȩF���O��`���)�+x���,����F,����v���ni6b���Tk�=�!��� �+,�,�Ŕ�����#nܩ��x��=ݼ�߅ܹ����rs���]�����:���W�({��a3���(&�0�%��� ep�7Zj\$��Z��>�dž`!Z�u��`G��* ���c���O ��X�4�;�B&x�߿B����k&��I��K-���nL3f���y����Oi����`s�q����J�����G�%S����7(qA�����J�$ �����90�=��w�`��HNL��Rwx ��p�P�)�������[bt����� ��%��K��Dy4|f8T6L"�5��B�=�/�e���Q�[S�a���t̾[S"m�'=�K=dWZ3�|�!��?د���IN�/�:����]|y$B��?fI�)�� oAQ�z��P0� ���rC�[����V��(_R��N�S ��>+X� k���%�{V��E�b����|�q%n�\M[j?�D=���i�rR�Vι�T(���o�c�+�7'���@��7��\ vER�C���TMMF����K!Uy͉)�jM?�x�d��O/�<����� ��H�nL�������2vQ�*�����{L��] �g�k����Q�S�e*��X�h�s��Z����>�D� ��g� ����>9�&���V��D���Z%C�dq�W].�ư����n�y�B�xH�, s�&�g��4�!�0�;�kw�F�(��H����#��>�p *-/����FCW��s��g8B� i��_��4�yM�;�-�3��v�l�RD b}{.o���u^�u�G��"���u��O:)���(ތ�0K9_����Nʛ����$掐E#��Y��Sދ8R� ��.L:y�����Y<>�W��Ui ^Aaġգ�i����Z 8�/�N�����x(�\�'QgJ?1�=b4�:7���dA����;��G����X�ު� ��yM��\5+�,j��}�@'?��N�A�y;Đ��Ǝ�{�F����|���������U���ð�J��������#;��J�Y�?����#�Ҷ�����8�q����P�](�v�6��#0��e �����r�J�����&���X����w�:�ª���Ε c���.���3s�#5<T�"8���7V�l�%<�Np���-��'����=2�Ow0�� aPB�ݴ�'��]�ɤ��,���?QmFM7�G�<��"_ "L��9E��I�!�x����U�qVw� Ҥ�(�,��ݒ�>6�n�J*a�R�2��v����j��v(,fλ2�*0M�R���'�i yh��ej)�����6�/�J��Fф��v�y�6�����>�w$<��h�ޟ S�D�&(� �C�h�^��/M�T����+��=-�(��q�E��<... -��|#��n_�/ P�j�f)��}M�^��gP��R����[X�2�oT��pQ���G����DsO��@���� z\ ��.���~�����^�#W��˦^� ����5�(�4Y�r]��86�����-�V稝�k��7{ >��*O�����n�o M����SoI�� h4��G`R*�m3���O/Nrҵ���ݾksTZ� Jn4%%���7�]9K��TUpN����~V�#Ecu`~I��l��:f,ph���^���t=�^eu=��N�^��/պ�}D;�H�q��Qy�~Mrj�.�=����(ޛ"��c�<\���� rR}�Ƣ�ûα�R��-I6�,%TY.2��ӌ�D���FOfk�^�y�R�W� �p�l�Ѝ���98QX����M�Q`�T�ߒ�:���,3y����!�e3pɣAp�����c0�3('�K1����$��,J �.JR�[r�H��Mg^Y��B�}��Vko��>ύ'`�3g+�/�4л�������k������H�v���(���K���Ob� �(Q�&6y�����jJ%v�:x��W���$��G��3�vޱ�|.�@{sQ�u�h%[�/}M{H|著��w��Z�Y�G��-W;��ƍ�#��N�����g�NfV��{�\�q(>��2���a���>4A@n=%�D���=�ַ� !�<��w݄���S<^�Ge ���@s��38�`�YoptB����8�`33+�}u��T|s����� ���b���,��D���E$���2��M:�љ0�sy8�0g��j�S���� H�#���2�vԣ֎��9�'��J��WSV��E@6ǹ�) ��CZk�'�,Z�K}�wM�g{|���v�U�Ρ/-I`�D*P �o>c�ʴ��8�?�1ſ̧Kgx�"��Tr���-�!�87́�7[ �q�=�U�� �G�#�S��A���Υ��s��ɂ�����`��LQ�r ��Ym�9z�T�P��wQ��p8���Җ/��e�Z�7�7t����/������v�6�T-n�D-��F�~]W��]�1��%k&����˘��'�B�u��4%�NH��ŅIb���� �62�~ 9ᨁ��W�%jy�x8�Fݐç�����ꮎς#�HkX�ZQ���Q�e0��5R�,mg�K��%��Fr�x_F�x+�m'Y�MNL�t�#:��PJ��:AЈ�k��q�u@ɾ)�;2�+�N֭�{�V#��l�A�5zb>��������):�A�� x���K ��s� �(����֮A�Z ��u�V����`��|Nވ��|��0�MBtV�P� �ad���Lٚ��'td�(��!`*j�Q���@֒��!zm��8�O֙�=V�iA�oQ@�� 1�WI�Bf*q�� ����ͭ���77�A|p\[�m�,��?�"؎ﻧw���s�>3��@�FvBş�o�o|0 ư]I�P���m 5���u�PQ��`-�������R��RF(�y�Me23����kA��Q�jn�h����J����CU�$����b��(���U�kz �0<4HVP�d?7�...
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This Comprehensive Review Explores The Psychological Dimensions Of Disinformation, Examining
This comprehensive review explores the psychological dimensions of disinformation, examining its etiological factors and potential mitigation strategies. The paper delves into the circumstances that make individuals susceptible to disinformation, highlighting the role of emotional arousal, information deficits, and digital environments in amplifying vulnerability. It discusses the impact of disinf...
The Paper Concludes By Underscoring The Critical Role Of Psychological
The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role of psychological insights in developing effective countermeasures against the proliferation of false information in the digital age. To illustrate the circumstances under which we become particularly susceptible to disinformation, consider a scenario where an individual experiences a stimulus that elicits intense emotional arousal, primarily ma...
This Information-seeking Behavior Typically Manifests In The Utilization Of Digital
This information-seeking behavior typically manifests in the utilization of digital search engines via computers or mobile devices. The individual engages in exploratory behavior across news platforms and social media networks, with the objective of acquiring knowledge about the emotionally salient situation through various means. This phenomenon can be exemplified by an internet user researching ...
Additionally, They Encounter A Vast Array Of User-generated Content On
Additionally, they encounter a vast array of user-generated content on social media platforms such as X or Facebook, including posts, comments, and specialized groups purporting to consist of domain experts or interested parties. In today’s interconnected world, information spreads at an unprecedented rate, facilitated by the ubiquity of social media and online platforms. While this rapid dissemin...
Confirmation Bias, For Example, Leads Individuals To Favor Information That
Confirmation bias, for example, leads individuals to favor information that aligns with their pre-existing beliefs and reject information that challenges them. This bias makes people more likely to accept misinformation that confirms their worldview and dismiss corrective information, creating echo chambers where false narratives are reinforced. Similarly, the availability heuristic, which priorit...