Articles European Journal For Security Research Springer

AbstractThe importance of (physical) security is increasingly acknowledged by society and the scientific community. In light of increasing terrorist threat levels, numerous security assessments of critical infrastructures are conducted in practice and researchers propose new approaches continuously. While practical security risk assessments (SRA) use mostly qualitative methods, most of the lately proposed approaches are based on quantitative metrics. Due to little evidence of actual attacks, both qualitative and quantitative approaches suffer from the fundamental problem of inherent uncertainties regarding threats and capabilities of security measures as a result from vague data or... In quantitative analysis, such uncertainties may be represented by, e.g., probability distributions to reflect the knowledge on security measure performance available. This paper focuses on the impact of these uncertainties in security assessment and their consideration in system design.

We show this influence by comparing the results of a scalar evaluation that does not take into account uncertainties and another evaluation based on distributed input values. In addition, we show that the influence is concentrated on certain barriers of the security system. Specifically, we discuss the robustness of the system by conducting quantitative vulnerability assessment as part of the SRA process of an airport structure example. Based on these results, we propose the concept of a security margin. This concept accounts for the uncertain knowledge of the input parameters in the design of the security system and minimizes the influence of these uncertainties on the actual system performance. We show how this approach can be used for vulnerability assessment by applying it to the initially assessed configuration of the airport structure.

The results of this case study support our assumptions that the security margin can help in targeted uncertainty consideration leading to reduced system vulnerability. AbstractThe current study aims to investigate the current structure and delivery of police recruit training. Using a case study approach, we systematically observed a semester of police training that consisted of 30 h with a specific focus on police use of force training. Field notes and time-on-task data was analysed using an inductive approach. The results revealed, first, a lack of constructive alignment of the training modules and learning tasks within the training settings. Second, an adherence to traditional linear approaches to training resulting in high amounts of augmented instruction and feedback and a one-size-fits all approach to technical and tactical behaviour.

Third, a non-efficient use of available training time with low amounts of engagement in representatively designed tasks that stimulated problem-solving processes. Based on these results we suggest that there is a need: (a) for police trainers and curriculum designers to align the objectives, practice structure and delivery of police training with the needs of police... conflict resolution); (b) for police trainers to employ more learner-centred pedagogical approaches that account for individual action capabilities and resources, and allow for high amounts of training time with representatively designed training tasks; and... AbstractBy now the 5-step risk and chance management process according to the generic ISO 31000 standard has been applied to a wide range of domains including organizational risk management, business continuity, safety and IT... The paper motivates the context and need for an open, scalable and flexible urban (perceived) security and safety assessment and improvement process, showing that it should be applicable also at local community level. The basic ideas of the process include the division of risk and chance analysis and management (treatment) into defined phases which are addressed iteratively: (1) within a framing context, stakeholders and their objectives are...

The process is iterated until all risks on objectives are sufficiently controlled, also the combination of risks. Concerning the methodology, a semi-formal modelling of the static and dynamic requirements of a tailored process based on ISO 31000 is provided, which in addition allows the formulation of minimum consistency and completeness requirements,... for each objective at least one stakeholder and risk should be identified. For the urban domain, a classification of risk assessment techniques regarding their suitability for supporting the process is presented. A further focus is the efficient provision of best practice options for urban security enhancement. Based on the insights gained by the systematic modelling of the risk management process, a software tool was developed to facilitate the application of the process in participatory settings like round table discussions with...

The paper presents as use case the application of the tool-supported methodology in several discussion rounds within a residential district in a medium sized university town in Germany along with the discussion of the... Thus, the applicability of the software-supported urban security risk management to the novel urban security domain is demonstrated. In summary, the approach is sufficiently transparent and flexible for fast summaries of round table discussions up to complex iterative decision and participatory scenarios, which have to consider multiple stakeholders and a large variety... AbstractThis study explores the phenomenon of foreign fighting through survey data gathered amongst Norwegian youths in 2015. Looking at two overarching explanatory models the article tests how grievances, criminality and more sectarian and religious factors affect more radical attitudes towards foreign fighting in Syria. Through this the article tests some central individual level factors to see how they impact support for foreign fighting in Syria, while also running alternative methodological approaches to test both the robustness of the...

The findings find support for factors such as past criminal behaviour and perceived deprivation in the form of self-reported socio-economic position, both of which are significant across the main models and in most of... More abstract grievance measures, such as alienation and disillusionment more generally, provide more mixed findings. Hypotheses about a connection between religious identities and religiosity also finds support, with some indications that the sectarian nature of the Syrian civil war has a significant impact on attitudes amongst religious groups across... There is also a clearer sectarian dimension when studying those with higher levels of support for foreign fighting in Syria. Abstract The article is an analytical state-of-the-art review of the Russian Federation’s critical infrastructure policy, starting from the 1990s but zooming in on the current situation. The article discusses what does critical infrastructure mean in the Russian context.

It explores the country’s threat scenarios in this field, and asks what part is played by cyber security threats in this context. Further, the article elaborates the issue whether Russia’s policy is focused on critical infrastructure protection, or has the country adopted the more recent concept of resilience that puts emphasis on adaptive measures and recovery. Finally, it is considered who are the actors in Russian critical infrastructure policy and, in particular, how does Russia deal with the fact that the respective infrastructure operators even in Russia usually are not... Those examples are references to articles in scholarly journals and how they are supposed to appear in your bibliography. Not all journals organize their published articles in volumes and issues, so these fields are optional. Some electronic journals do not provide a page range, but instead list an article identifier.

In a case like this it's safe to use the article identifier instead of the page range. Here are examples of references for authored and edited books. Sometimes references to web sites should appear directly in the text rather than in the bibliography. Click the button below to start a free trial! This article addresses the critical issue of societal resilience in the face of disinformation, particularly in highly digitized democratic societies. Recognizing the escalating impact of disinformation as a significant threat to societal security, the study conducts a scoping review of the literature from 2018 to 2022 to explore the current understanding and approaches to...

Of the four work strands of UK counter-terrorism (CT), Prevent and Pursue are directed towards stopping individuals from becoming involved in terrorism, and investigating and prosecuting those suspected of terrorist crimes. Over the past few years, both these two work strands of UK CT seem to have captured more individuals with Multiple and Complex Needs (MCN), especially people... In recent years, there has been an increase in critical situations such as crisis and disasters in Germany. Due to the country's low-crisis history and the predominance of blue-light organizations like the police and fire departments in managing disasters, these circumstances affect other organizations, such as public administrations, that have had less... Command and control are critical components of emergency management when disaster strikes. Command posts act as a support system within the command chain for leaders, and the performance of these teams is essential for the successful operation.

This paper presents the findings of a scoping review on the performance of command posts, identifying six performance factors: scenario... The role of ethics in research and innovation projects (R&I) has become much more important in recent decades. Particularly, security-related research is required to reflect on normative issues within the research process. At the same time, the form in which ethics is addressed differs greatly. This is not only due to different research agendas (e.g. ethics as an evaluation...

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