Methods And Approaches For Language Teaching Tpr Tbl Clt 2025
There are various teaching language methods and approaches that have been used throughout history. And there are certainly some, including the communicative language approach and task-based learning approach which are all the rage these days. Keep on reading for all the details you need to know about these older methods as well as the newer options, including communicative language teaching, task-based learning, TPR, the situational approach, the grammar-translation method,... Teaching language methods and approaches Let’s get into the various methods for teaching a language, including ESL/EFL. But first, we’ll answer an important question: method vs approach.
The approach is the way that you’re going to do something. The method is the way in which you’re going to complete that thing. As far as language teaching goes, method and approach are used almost interchangeably. in Activities for Adults· Activities for Kids· ESL Speaking Resources Teaching a foreign language can be a challenging but rewarding job that opens up entirely new paths of communication to students. It’s beneficial for teachers to have knowledge of the many different language learning techniques including ESL teaching methods so they can be flexible in their instruction methods, adapting them when needed.
Keep on reading for all the details you need to know about the most popular foreign language teaching methods. Some of the ESL pedagogy ideas covered are the communicative approach, total physical response, the direct method, task-based language learning, suggestopedia, grammar-translation, the audio-lingual approach and more. Here’s a helpful rundown of the most common language teaching methods and ESL teaching methods. You may also want to take a look at this: Foreign language teaching philosophies. In the direct method ESL, all teaching occurs in the target language, encouraging the learner to think in that language. The learner does not practice translation or use their native language in the classroom.
Practitioners of this method believe that learners should experience a second language without any interference from their native tongue. ESL lesson planning frameworks are step-by-step structures that support teachers in meeting linguistic and communication goals in the classroom. There are various frameworks that are applied for different language aims, class levels and needs. Under the umbrella of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) approaches, the four dominant ESL lesson planning frameworks are PPP, TTT, ESA, and TBL. In terms of their adherence to communicative principles, these frameworks are considered to progress from “weak” to increasingly “strong” communicative teaching approaches. This continuum is largely determined by the degree of structure in presenting and analyzing language – and, by extension, the degree of freedom in applying the language in a communicative way.
The roots of PPP go back farther, but this framework was mainly developed as the shift to CLT began in earnest, in the 1970s. This framework is the one most commonly used in course books, especially for lower levels. As a result, it is an ESL lesson planning framework that teachers need to master before setting foot in a classroom. Course books do not always explicitly lay out the underlying linguistic aims of the activities in them. With a solid understanding of PPP, teachers can easily piece together the intentions of course book material and deliver much more effective lessons. PPP is the most structured of the common CLT lesson planning frameworks.
Its structure and predictability make it very useful for teaching grammar at lower levels. New and complex concepts (like grammar) are difficult for beginner learners to master; they need to be able to take in and process these new ideas at a “digestible” pace and volume. The PPP framework provides a high degree of scaffolding and very deliberate steps. This scaffolding accommodates both real-life language use contexts and opportunities for students to figure out grammar structures. The framework includes systematic presentation and practice work, guiding students to a clear understanding of the language through concept questioning and clear systematization. Every lesson requires the use of the productive skills (speaking and/or writing), which allows students to practice newly-learned language in a meaningful and memorable way.
The Test-Teach-Test framework is also a reasonably structured one. Its central precept is that students’ knowledge of a target language point is assessed in some way (the first T in the TTT sequence: a test). The result of that initial test is targeted teaching (the second T in the TTT sequence: teach) that will either address any shortfall uncovered in the initial test work or add to the proven... That teaching work is followed by another test activity, which will indicate the success of the previous step. While most of us are familiar with the language teaching methods used in secondary education, there is a huge variety of language learning methods available. Some of them are better suited to certain learners than others.
To help, we’ve put together a list and a brief description of different language learning methods that might work for you. Read More: What Are the Oldest Languages in the World? In this method, the teaching is done entirely in the language being learned. Learners are encouraged to avoid using their native language. Grammar rules are avoided and there is an emphasis on good pronunciation. In this method, learning is largely by translation to and from the target language.
Grammar rules are to be memorized and long lists of vocabulary learned by heart. There is little or no emphasis placed on developing oral ability. This method is most commonly used in secondary education. Ever since English as a second language has become popular, many approaches and methods in teaching ESL began to appear. You may have heard of TPR, CLT, and TBL. These are some of the well-known approaches and methods in language teaching but aren’t the only ones.
In this article, we will go over a list of different language teaching methods and approaches. Depending on your class atmosphere or teaching material, you might want to choose a different approach and method. Methods and Approaches in Language Teaching Approach means ‘a way of dealing with something,’ and method means ‘a way’ or ‘a process’ of completing a task. In terms of language teaching, approach and method are used interchangeably. Check out the list of different types of language teaching approaches and methods.
Which one do you think will work best in your ESL classroom? The direct method, which is often used to teach foreign languages, is also called the natural method. When teachers use the direct method to teach English as a second language, they encourage students to only use English in the classroom. It is best for students to stay away from speaking their native language according to the direct method. The point of this method in language teaching is to get students immersed in English. ESL teachers can do this by using realia, pantomime, and other visual aids.
This method emphasizes pronunciation more than grammar. This method of language teaching was established in England around 1900. The direct method is known to be the opposite method of more traditional language teaching approaches. pCpGpNpQpTpXp]pcpipkpnpupxp|p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�p�qq qqqqqq q&q+q-q6q8q�@�I�L�O�R�V�Z�^�f�j�m�r�w�z�������������������������������҉ԉډ܉���������������� � ����*�/�1�3�:�@�C�E�M�P�[�`�e�i�k�p�u�y�~���������������������������Ɗϊڊ������������� ����&�(�+�0�3�7�9�<�>�A�H�L�Q�V�X�^�c�f�i�k�o�t�v�|�����������7�=�A�E�N�S�W�]�a�f�h�s�u�x�~�������������������������͌ьՌٌ��������������� ����d�i�k�p�s�v������������������������������������������ōʍэԍٍݍߍ����������������&�*�0�3�=�@�D�G�T�Y�[�i�l�o�t�y�������������������������������ÎʎώюԎێߎ������������ ����#�%�3�>�I�L�Q�W�\�a�����������ďȏʏ͏Џڏ���������� ���'�,�1�<�>�A�G�I�X�[�`�e�l�r�t�|����������������������������Ðǐ̐ΐҐՐאې�������������� ������ �"�%�'�)�-�4�6�9�<�C�F�R�V�a�g�i�l�r�w���������������������������������ˑӑ֑������������� � ���#�(�,�.�3�<�>�B�M�V�`�d�n�u�{�������������������������������Œ˒ҒՒגܒߒ������������� �����.�2�:�D�G�M�P�T�Z�^�`�d�g�i�s�z�|�������������������������������ÓГӓ֓ܓ����������� ���!�+�.�1�8�:�=�?�A�C�H�J�L�Q�U�Y�^�h�j�m�u�w�|�����w�~�����������������������ÕƕЕؕܕ���!�$�(�*�,�.�1�7�?�D�K�O�R�T�V�[�a�j�l�n�p�r�z���������������������ĖɖіՖؖ��������� �����!�'�*�0�6�8�;�=�A�F�M�Q�U�^�`�f�m�q�s�v������������������������������������×Зӗחۗ����������� � ���� �#�+�2�7�;�D�F�J�Q�^�b�e�j�o�s���������������˘Θۘޘ���������� ���$�&�+�.�1�9�@�E�K�P�T�W�[�^�c�������������������������ÙșЙؙ������������ ����� �"�'�+�-�0�3�5�>�@�G�J�Q�T�Z�]�_�b�d�i�������������ÚƚȚΚۚޚ������������ ������"�%�1�7�9�=�A�H�K�Q�T�Z�^�a�c�e�h�j�r��������������������������ƛΛԛ֛ۛݛߛ������������������!�-�5�9�=�A�C�N�R�V�Z�c�e�g�m�p�r�u�z������������ ������#�&�(�*�/�2�:�A�J�P�Y�\�i�o�r�v�z�~�����������������������������Ɲɝϝӝٝޝ������������ � ����u�x��������������������������ÞƞȞ˞Ԟ؞۞������������&�*�/�1�4�7�9�A�C�J�N�R�Z�]�f�l�u�z�}��������������������ğƟ���[����.�0���0�T�h��^�_���������������������a���a�����������������n�J�=�0���������.�-� ����������p�o�h�1�#�"�6��������������x�D�C���������������������������������l�b�^�[�Z�Y�H�=�3�2�1�.�-��'�%�#�"������ ����������������������߹ߟ���v�l�g�Q�������q�5�0�.�*�(�$�#�"�� ����������������ݯݭ�o�,��������ܿ�ܫܞ� ڃ�I�@�.ت��v�r�q�o�j��j�i�h�g�c�W�V�U�S�Q�1�-�,��������ӪӤӠӜӉ�F�(� �������ҨҔґ�|�l�^�)������Ѩ�����нНИЍЅЃ�U�O�F�+�'����ϑ�u�s������5�$� �������͍ͯͧ͂́�|��2�)���������̸̶̛̅����˝ˑ��c�N�������ʲ�y�Z�U�T�:�4�+���j�P�N�M��������ȑ�s�9����LJǁ�n�������������u�G�����Ŵŝ��������������ĕĎ�t�q�[�:�0�������ð�z�X�>�9����»�]�Q�����������������U�[�%�� ��T�ٽ��R�K�D�/�����W�K�<���� �������������... This license is available with a FAQ at: https://scripts.sil.org/OFLhttp://www.adobe.com/type/Dr. Ken Lunde (project architect, glyph set definition & overall production); Masataka HATTORI g ��kc�� (production & ideograph elements)Ryoko NISHIZUKA �XZm�[P (kana, bopomofo & ideographs); Paul D.
Hunt (Latin, Greek & Cyrillic); Sandoll Communications �����令����t�X, Soo-young JANG ǥ�� & Joo-yeon KANG ����� (hangul elements, letters & syllables)AdobeSource is a trademark of Adobe in the United States and/or other countries.NotoSansJP-ThinVersion 2.004-H2;hotconv 1.0.118;makeotfexe... �c(��p~%b�x�S ��;Xn�W�N�G��U1�.1 &����m��$%�A&��A�;gr�7������~�P�:Ut%E����G���_?oO�߮oO�5��q�GZ����2���4��n��VI0vi[�a��0\�(�m!-��zp���ᘆ7w�G�����^�?�~�d�#�����q*������Dac�8�p�ۃ�M��`w8D1��IG�1Tv��|���2��/�g%,�#��|%����Ţ����]$�$wp[y ����rA����ʽ�pþ���t�l&!�w��}n��yW�/O�5�r��KJ�d�_�T }���7�VH�0�J��A.����&��ו"QIt� EJ5y����ۊ�-��pm�W�[�6m�/O�s;vp�r5� �_���v,��(� �E��h|I"h"���mCxub ���%%~�Z��Đ���[ �;�ë?&v��>R��$t�}Y�(s4>�(��!�����1�ϿU�x��W,��������)&a� �o��9첬HӢ Y�e2�)ÐZTK�~������U���[6V��m��&��ݪ+��uT�ǥ�F���l�EW!�ȵ��ڡ2Uri�P$G �L�U�%��Κ0������� �`�|<��������L���ߥoS<�N���9q���n6���;;����]����I6 ���k^���:Cs^Ǫ;\7�8��{ ~��R �b�(��L�Ss���-���~�p I �J���Θ���fh/c�o7:�0���=�ޖf��|a�M�-7�xnz�=fgy��;�=a��f���Mp��[Xp_��x,i"˳ꩆ�� ՠ��� NAKAA�u^ vJ�|��h���WWdy=�?�5)�������6/��\���omZޒ ��_y�ֈ���F�Չi�g��J��I7h�)�4I$���^w�#��F��U��πSx_l�s$�ٶ&�w,�4l��_7��2��w��,�# L��-�^ww����_C�b|�$z_�E�l7X����{Q+-�t�o��N3Lb6R�]̵�8�Q[��ta�"���q���):�|C����$�_��]�R�EcH�;-�WT<�c��n��y5�4"OeȀl6��>>}�l��0ܐ%;��Ńc �����.���,� y!c���7��l��VE�&Ủ�V0��ڭ�� ���[�P��_'ǜ�J��h�$7�6��r���n�����Cʟȼ�����I@H�.��Z ���� �H;!ٲ�>���ҳ>W�QĤ��^�$$a�� �!��;S�O_?%v�ֆ�K<�x�Lh��Ow���^U�)��J)Gm���M�q��O[�m��زf��^�Sx��3A�i�3���{�;�ś�ث���ݑ-g�U�畏Fka���¸�\32�\�,J7M��O�����`b��o��k����#�g�1�Ċ�M�h[bOkG ]e6ؕ���/��C�l����B�y3�n�a�����]�mݞ�����v��,�`r���4�.��"C�i�\Mu�8u����5�S�Q��k���lf�n{ӗf^�����2((g�����C��G��~bNc9��F �8>�'l������?��K�����FMH"lcC ���T��I��D U��[y�w���dml... �^a�Z���庩�7K�T����G����u�M$�D��?M��?}�9s ѿmq���_��g8��zId�n.�I�f�7�Pd�|�6Y�������8�hN4~o��x�2��O��q��ӏR��EڭU�ƀ$j.��ߤcX;�AD�^�q��=�����# ��-���~�r�L���=�]������Q�x��C��E��z�!��3����- ���me=�9@��A��`��3�zpM�")E�W���y�?b��X�@,�T��2툯��P�E(۷�wz���p=�����Iܫ�M:�I9������X^9��;��� o��Tݪx�EU�Aωea~Z*���)�6'�n͟��Y���)����9�� ��]�������[��¯x{ z*N����r_��}�s�,�>:��y�ҳ������pp9�����sM��hkd�� ��3C� �Ϗ�;�C���}V�M��?��Ј���&� #sa�Yn��h�}�)\U�#�1�����4A�N3 w88����.]*�E�;0B�V����^u��%*�qS߃wbV�7G$ 8<|g����CB�u��;�F� s�� ��%*|ݡ�?�Uxu�I.��k��SE5�4����)(��#Mg��n�"3h��w �� �a���T��Bc������jg��y�o;I�,��vS@���p�(ځ���Ft�� ���mT��*�NU��+�� |�uՉ�X{���c���Y���W�a�_�{� )�b��z�L���>�Θ����,0��n<��QSOp<�}6�᠔w��l�ۥy����xP� ����E�]����#0�ټ\1��m�������g��y��5�a��>/4M�R �Q��3��s���^s�bɼ?F�A,?�����63m9+؆�k�D8/����+]�~�Gһɮ���=��pU����W�����o�����D�g<�S�0Өr��'��K���w�k��� }�U�(s]��Y+;�x)(��#��~�\ [v��nT���/hTxCȣ��,����T���w;c��(;��������8C� ;@{}w�_g�RA"j&���q��S�W���/C?��F�v�S7n��8/���Egzu�b��QEz(���ꏞ�C8�*���g���`�ĸ����^I\��<����ׂ=-�>o�+�%#=/5El>�}�L�a$�� �jp�U�%��}�~��3��@��)!�|��6±��� ee������ �#F2�Gm��6��0<���>3 +/3P�]z7B��0�� ��wgF�L�����3�4���7����*���h�rY�_��3�Jv�a����X��HM����z�s$�H�y�����D��� )�_=P�z;Չ>b�ن��W}%�����ڦ���0���>|��~f��KJ8�\�\�?��W< K1Y؊�U*��ҷ���+�f�,6~�G�P��� �U?*�o�m�-\��ϴ��c�̇{�Z{��g�jϳ(�h��EQUZ��h��+����+�"�(�\�(��\���PAN�w�e�\�^ߜ�4¨��G���֯MƶX7��A;��ا��W�A8����T'IT��� R^��$�1I�@�PϏԣfM=Y�F�������|���-|�K@|�Y�o�,Y��ֱ���_M_)ƙ 4,�F����栵�p��?��./a�ʫ^��L~�E(�%��r���C>�<*��2|N�P=)@Y�QVR�W��n3i���N�����\�q+6�I\�Ԩ�n�ҙ��`)j�&���"�(�Dĥ���;�v~j��h�E�x��r�VR���... �0b�j<Ω���,3��Nla8��[zN�4�d��a�� ���|T�B�*�p���}���Kpb���4�%.n������.��wt܉�K)�o$+���d�z^8�pJ�A{t�'�n���P�i�5{]X�I�� ��7��$m�[�'��~��#�R���k���]la�]-� �{Ϛ5KB5lذ�c�JX��iŖXMS�+}#$ԠW<�x&������1����~&:��HAv�O!K�����r� $��Յ�I8�ζ��9S�X}�P�`��a���������$O��Eok��i �*�,���7'4Cx���m��������M`Y}b����j���Z��^�7Yq40ϵy�7�>��Y[�H͟�Y��/t F?\˩�C�ݚݍ��g�&���C���q��"����S�X�D{�~�(�ڱI��-)����r?6�)��d+�Ah���j����}��N�+W�l֬����E�./3�`��-s���w�an��<���G��$o���(R� gϞ-P��z�LS���&����NW�ܳ� ��]�)����>���k�d4hЄ $��k�F_ )�1M!"�L���ݰ��5����v��U�\9)ņ�N�2EB�vLS��(L�_���_��y��[�n���ߤ������ߗ06�?M6.0D�i 3���g^5f�CU�ĉ�~��v��� ��?��I�&ƀE�a�~ )�1M!"��0A��m쿧��v���/Y��&�5WO_-�r��;v��ƕ/���)DD��] �@NII9v�X���������ҦM�+-)�V����{%�h�4���zaQ�Ss�->�JA[��^ݺu�7o�� k �۷�P�BR�j�g칄혦Q@���:}�w���q�*�����˗/��I)�{Ϝ9S¨��sύ1BB�vLS��(�ޓSg-�)X�gذa0iʐ!C$T���۷o�R����W�=�Ν+!E;�)DDг �F��6���$����p�p� ?����T�ƍ]+a����[7o�,!E;�)DDЪ�\��v�Ť�G�͝;�� +V��L*j�{v-[J���7_�|�2_J혦Q@gϫ���?s^ JM�4 �H�iӦ�W��P�)Sf������R�:?��CŊ%��4�����r�ķ��>��سgO��ťd@^r�M7����{J�^������D��b�����"" � �����w��֭[���;�x�ǐ�L�:]U�(5|���^B�LS��(��;��*��>��{$4���&&&Jպv��`� )0M!"�L`���u|��;�l�ҥ�*r�\��c�`}��R `�BDD�۾�U����MT&P�4*�L�e� )0M!"�� ��6�mo_Z��`��J�*I)�4j���>��b�"" ɩ��R'��?�}i�ׯ���KKڶmkY����"" ��/�m�}i.\���kQ��2�3f̐�b�""���S�J� .��� ,(�ذhѢN�:IH1�i ]�G�7*����?)z�""�,� ��^z)��R�:�Qb�$""�*%J�@W�-ZDUNU;C��""��U�bŁv��)%%�ge�[�mѥp�W�nݺC�... ��������Z)����+Z����$�N�U2�:�YYC�9J�0hW,\b��RT� �9VWS�Iψh'��o?ީ������Pu:�����`Ab�1���I��o��~��S��o?ޠ�v��^��Ԫ�8�\S�(�k%J'�&�Y/Z֠��!Q8�5�֢2��[e$J�s�f���!�)G��O{�M�:�i)q¤����{�-^R'�5;"��"{SJ���6╪%Ѓ�`��_dZ��OjjvE��D����!��Ė�n I>:�O\䰇���6���È�d��l��ݹ����J�B�%�G}��k)#�5�P� t� �7}�h{P_����XbRV��H�E�� qj"�h�BIb;szw�oqF7� �xPd\,�l���> ��{����Z�[\9[�T|jRMYeM)������Qʖ�W��������=������fK ��A8�$r���6���\1^7l8��tg��.�)��6�� ڄ()G���N���3�L�)��m;%�w���XCH*ܣ��H��� ��f���JB�Fr8dՍw%� ��mͥyؠqʽ��� ��5B\p<�,�P{Cζ0��� "�&� �;�rXI9��3�����������l�� �ZHP>˲-^R'�5Zf�����T��T��t��k�E��D���dZ��OjiQV�[%܊�6K�݂(��j�=���5���+A�R��U��f�x}h�L�~ ��$�Ѹ�(�����X�A�pT��+S.��%�+B�T0xΥ��[m�\�4r��F�e�F���r��6���p3��=�ڧ�Ph:R�U�t��~]��=%M��[F�g�_ҷȖ��&Ps.(�9�W�,�L�Z; 3����σ��]EbM�l%2 �('�6�����#SJ7+y@a`$t�#�����3v�A��d�k��bY�Z�0D�����s>��]7�.j�Y2�x[ �۟sƀ���B��L��e+`Cr�-�̔���SFr:;;��v�F} ���q��jXo�-�v�����i�92�q2$����Or��𭛵�-�M A�ނS�9叭u�����ڽ!v��{�8;�۽��k]͋�c"6�E����֗����J~Q[k�{Z�����t�[1������q�\^�[�˄w �s��*T�&t2e�;=CzB��r���#�A_ ��V���&�DR��U��~�I�$�+�zװi���L��J8�n1����M���{��[�,1[��� � /br8��:*����M���1M�;z<��)>{�KeL��Qq;����x+�Rn�c�?J=��c�i�ۺ4��+���7?�1o�[�:�E� �<�Zw���ە(4)PJ����_W������ jVN���WS!��ۀ�����֫U�⸢ t$���c�A�;G�dN����R�Ts�I�T�Xo�L6)�]m+�s���3:�}���>�RTYJH;Tpqǟ��E��I��ү���,��[��()'z���_54��ٝ~+��R@V���ӧ��[���RӴ�P#���6�W��~��|�^�~�J}�eȠ�x�Q��H� =;� �-H�!o���@�\�jI�i.[����cѠ��U��9���}�ƿ֭HӶ�/�����+z�O��9�er}�Z#�ZJNs���m�W ��* �H%'�x��k�6���Js��ʍ�֘6�sӭ�$�2���r$� ԋ_��g��tqm��J�_O�co,c3X�i�����+wN$jD�U�vQ`�7��ns��LjP{�[�Ց���V����... ���� ��v!s�-�7c��7뽯���֧]�~NO�>��i#�Fq�@f������/�A��{_����Q��k!�^Pc�W��<�c�Vm�J*�R���J���3�߳����)���kD�C�jJ�*Zw ���:ѿg��J�k_w�7�����~�3����s��m��:��#{k(8@�Aǎ�P��W&c��rSҸ���2s�@)i�/^��S#POv�jrK%Đ������h^�0����M`�%��d�Rhm���]\[���H���9�Z]J������U�L7��7"ґ��JO�ghw��� ��3(�m���� ��&�"��W���e�S�/b�2|U��5�ډ�6��*QIY�*��ާ�n!ÐZ���@��@Eԫ_���U ޖ���?%��H��ܬ�u���+�J�g�M�\��=��gI Ag�|B��^�_�������+��C�@��K:[s�'� ���п��h�N�/�M �ϴs=)�EV�z�od�Am���?�(��k�w�1:��^��%nA8$_p:�m��/o�� �49�������5߷�.��^�=K������#�Z��-�η��d�C����?��J�W�6tF1B t�+x�,}hC��R}�e� Lx��܀1��(6:�s�+����;K�V�Sz@��+V=�ZQ��(�!�$�6� N Ґ"\]C\�t���4Mi �8��K!,%XO{hI��qùk$���z����C̫k�9I������"�H�Ѩ�v�^�c�hS��\ˀ�Y�@}h������]u�rrP��p 'n@�A�u�C�<�e7!;F�c� �.�4ԣm�Xl�d��jְ�ηNa���Ҧ�@���L~s��. �(^T�1�^78�Vq�$R��j;�-!��(BBR6�r�@�K6�()(�A< Y��]�|R����m��-d% s$ևh.�`��@�yP�$%�0� (�\{���{K��]���v�h.�`��@�i�l�cKa�J��m[YZ�JQ�'i&�=��y���Py�uM<��p��`�4.�b�!M�gwD� [�K$"LuR�Z)�c�� Kp[Z�JR�$��aj+ͺM�SLLin)# J��"�#������h�E��[�gԔm�{���q��D�KqZS�;R2qF�&�-��[%ew g���P�]�#Gڎ�?�G ����K%H������F��*���R�idgj�+�y Je/0�\m_¤��A�����g9���_\v#�(u�V��*P �)W�j�y��d�R���O,Ph.�`��@Q��D�J; �K�2s�$�Q�q� ��̠ #oL���J��s�De6I��T��]���Mh���~5�����;֚,��9�������ґ8���{���c����8[�,�R �d���<( ���}��_���l�!`��E��d��L1�M���Y�����=BUQV��9Я��K��U�rd�Hh�6��?Z��@�6�i[ }Q�����AAzb���JSh��p���s�)��m��7;�.������cuթ_���]�3�p�...
`9�Ɯ��=��:�4���~̙f�s��ު�l0v/c��ۙ�Ͱ+,u���\�I�[��f��4�!�b���� ��A��z:��egy�I.���ܷ���X{"ܬ���9(�%Lr9�db��h��Ø#����,`\U_7cU[(��c|O��n��������[�Ԋ�͉ɘ�y{����~(��RPEn"Y�rA��{-�Ժ:�i��d�� ��cf퉷?ص�.��Z���Z���� :��k꤀4݂�ܗ>���yl��QTT8�3������g���ޏ%YQ���S4���ﺣ��J�IlZ�e�s�{D�kvHE�u�f�Y�Y�W�i= ��+l� �-ﺻ�18 �Xᕡ�e�m�e�ޥ�勃�#-:��vWlM�s�{�!�s��+U�#��6R� /̖�qn��!��Z��Z�- b�ֲ���\�^�eh��38}ɋ������37%���љ k���{�[ ,��1��pgl�ܒ�����h667:����W;,n�Rs��b7*53:��`���$�ep�4�;3%۩��gE��f'���\��S��*��!g̗ J/bٙ��9c]�ܪb��QҒضdbEc�+�؍�n-nM�9�E$�~�=��+��Er��., �qX��.{E�ԇ�]U�FS4&���[+P��-��ȳ(�w������]�買RJ�B�%dn� ���Q��%�A��U��7<��dipXꀂ�,�VG4�v��~�@�ӭ��r s���l/����/��=��R\6>P���ך���G+ � 37N���W 8uS���=7�T���Ԡ22&�} ���,/�>Oٴ�s^���9�נV�@�r�ț�M�O��{������YCd6�ۚ�[[��`��f���t��ݢ�J���سt�vC�@��f�]�VV1eQg h�� i���0���A$_���O�eERL]��J�z����t���l- D�X�}�KS��<���l6b���ˊ\�4msic��l.NY�=��hI~b�v���E��4 a�R��D@9J��Y�v�h�HDA���J��R[��B�Ţ.B"($��Ú���X�]U��*♜=���Yk $lV���WO����ýXJ9���Q�� �/���r4X˃��T�3�Y�#��E��/�[�;�7�I��Ob�!Q��6p\jl�E� �r��ϽK��E�KE�[X{�!L�D�ri��i�]L뜥�0 �r'r?�%G�!no�� !�l6:��om�.$�����]dl尉2}�a�\�d���.{��d�<�Jn���8�9حs��»�#Jk[�f �Ud�iu�5yKb)J��u+r�G���Q3�8��t Y�B3�㦁X9ʭ]M�, Ԫ�n�T4@Nw�J��D@B�D`�,�:x�k �[�Xj�Y��e�iW:�kz �%y"$�Y$y6�V2Iܣ�qP� ��:8n... �QЋ��E�X��P�9��%�*hĊ�7WU ��n-nZ�#cdE ؒ�W �U����ċEVK���fp�v*���ƊҬ��gp�V�Ҽx|BαU�g�[�M^i���""��@���i��;z�[#I`�7r�i6�u*ЖY) �Վ��*óe�{��$��cWL{H�m�m��������[�6�K]]iǟ{+�kaN*<��l9H�Ǣ��g����B��-�#�QD��G-�%F��[�����D�}WC "�ߝ�Zв����_g�T��Z;� 4\�_F�FS�E�5?j�4���\j, vl��@=F��e$ܒz�ly����-�uq%��E�y��f7D�ד���x�5a�{�giw!�n���cm���[��YK��`�4H%P1�i p#]�4�f���k���XK,Z/`����s}g:־�N^FS �j����7�M�e������iev�8-ccuj�Vnʪ�V�Vc�� uXU�>��*.Z��f�Z㕤����zO}�����m�E��s��-.D��v���n=�:v��5��a��(�]$��Y��R i��`�E��GZt ܠe�s7a{��C��@F�k�ѕ�u�G4�Io���*�ؖ�a�.�ݨvk�C� �䀮^W�k��3ڋ:ت���}I�E�J����l�,fVzA�� �\�فq�+�hu�}�[���"(&���Cw�TE���̀ԅm�� �V��R����(��*U�An}�YU�k�at�˞����];3�����>��Y"icI�uS��d@au4g�S�H�$!l� ���cH{��"(v�$���".#b��Y�ʁ���uEYX��X�mԗn�6 Hu��ܭ�=�W(�5W, �X�h�mu#p�I��=�{�Y=Q��$\��TF�*H ��9 6$�S��%UT��p7�䱢\X�Z/�Up��8����Z�t5*�'����} :*M�D")h�\�]ع�f��A�ùJ�3$ S��ȭ�F����$%���NH���e��c]��CW%;l � ;sp���m��X��n�k�J��*y+� ��X#WƊ]���аX�}%�a&�eQ�b���.c��{n�'F�dP@;���Zۢ�!m��$�n��v w�-X��,�ז�.:tYC�� ����rX�O��֥L��cڣ+O䂵�#�6>*K����\�,���*8؛jy��24 ��V7��7o�--�=��Eg��@���{j��$˘W����I= M���ҫ��j�v��V�n�`�@j���P͂�����?(�N��ߢA��R��i��� ��䍭�,���^��]�B���j�E���W���y�e�b`���Nђ�c}+�6c�>��[h�*,�Ѩ��W�H�5��n��+�l�@�ō��>�y�\��gOFk������d�r�F�|T�`%kôh���v����f�FV�^,�*&�ѽ��� ��Hb�gS������m��"�D:z�oo�}֬rڔ�u���R�<76an�)��U��)���� ]�XJ wF�R��(p������Ò����w... �blQc cZ���� r�[�}��b�q�.�];�� tms����������9'�Xj���!0���7,����\���y��p}�u����ĥ��h����m`D�> O�V��<9��\\,|[sQG+ nE���o�'�g� dE��]G ;����65�٢�@ӓ����]�{���)����r�5�@��\AW�/dzK%�:y;X'Q��ʩb�*��lJ���Qp6Qb@i*Cl�1%YJ� ֩77[�3�k�+�l^*�9+*?��y��Zܴ��6����bE���>��nP�\,.� X."� K�Ƹi� "F��v�R&�4d�p�\ f�i�p,/��\��iry)�F�b��ik�YA����Y�e��É�*�����e-�B�:.D/uW�r̖��YѾ��TxsI�Mȶ�s-��E�,���N�,,�[��%�$��r�tN�id�Z��YV*p��{���j��.� -��:�mpYO�ഢ�efJ"�3�#%��6+b�DZb��ql��m �ʨ��-� rl̯pco�A�K]���E� [+��\���c�4;p�� oh���6�#�B�!�C�(3 �cJ���e��+5��X��<�����3Ȫ���fE���9��b�*��-'�[21�����T�7 7�&�DU$����V�U����MY��"�^1�*R�d����ƹ��R�j�E.j�C��ۥ�g0��Y���#��,k6�YDPHDE"*�٥�%7$�\���Z��ɡh;RV����;�Z� �#���o7-�l�����f3���.�N�RAp)��=��ᙶ��CFk�V��1��c}U�k[�U��.7��]k���YZIm��.��s3U� �Z�VI(���) !@R�%G�E]۬O:�*��Ī".SB��u�D �lV��U$�8m���P���Q�%c{ѭ�Ce� �\F�nT�~�Iv��P�#�k��r��A��5�pF�5��:Q�5��UF�<���88܋"��*DI��ې����!��� 3"�$r5��@mmVd)P�@<��X��tTpL�����>��g(Y\�w*��jB�WГ#tb��A����`Jר��d}N�:��k~�(eṰ������nP�Tl�,�t��Qp����P[��ϟz�0�;������v�i�k,��l[SL�%m���fd`{ J�#�N����i�YV.'�n.����Ij)O�n�*��w����0Z��UgU�<{�����l/a|,q-�`'��7^�x.1�lVZ��u���!�vn�f�hi��.Ά�ߗ�����a�4����6 �VCHX�Y���M�ʻ��`�'�J|��T�D\�{S?]Ç 4�~?P\�Z@�O��l(��8S�Ƨ,åp����=������[/�<��,� i�bⲾ�*��V�Pn@ �[��z�9��r�� b�MY%3��C�p5���2�����w�6�Z*c�fg�3�O�e��Tt-��-�"���d�ۜ��@y��lWd�a�y;�%�e �,�w�{� �3�wXj���],?��C�jl�SIQ�Cap��wQ�c��... ���6$(�����e"�W5ގ��m}��B �uPI���BP�*����Z[�R�.,[T�d~F�I�$X<�.�*��9���#B�U�Ee��UZ��%nU)�q�T�<�.��J�@J�;����e�jV�F��T�i��e�EX3�n�@/�0s6][��4r Y�i����X3���6Y�M�u�Q�5@��U=��r@�<�ʫ2�f�gth�U��e ������2nJ�G�(")h���+�3f���X�s�$��-i���L�ȰGP]h��oQ�˝�zB�\�7r�{����5A�@Y<�o�돢�ڥ���lz��J (ci�U1EeEGN,���-p�([* A���ɓ��E��9h�cp�UGNH�dQ�F�B�!����]��-�*�IBQZ��e͊�Z���H�f +H30��2�,���S}�Y&� �N5ح��@���� t�[�F��>dkR �>@��*��.�Q�c�7�k���6G��E���Jg���n�N�R��o9H�ytF��N�S*"( ,GR�;@��j��� �ʢ�����%�#�VP�}l� ��k�f���bp�� Q���B��(�h�*�,�*J��Z� �.9-��R.2�v��ź�N��TO�� 9�i�f�Vj�h��#����U���P�B�f6/!�V%y�*.z��-��Ѫ��p�.�$H�|��_�|�K�Gdu;�pc����W�9 7�waq^nV��5i�V�~_�u_��+��������8<�5�8��^��*��c[�}�q��e�PA�L5���� ��kpG���UP�GǓ{�s\QP�jʌ&����{̍|^�~�ln����&������iW7G������?�8_*t⏄p�V��C3c<� �E���pJ>*���MU#0H2���bn5��ע{k�=�����n�s�qMN<�X�%A}�.6��_G�\:�J.1t�l��s�N�ۋhw��%�*x̓JȘ7s��M_������F�(�:[��}Qxժq*J|���A�.J)�;��+��jo��Jǹ��,�a�JF� �۱u�.����cߚ��Nb㚳�\d�n��X�m�#t-7YT�N�3l��j%kj�R "k�� �y� �I���q� ҝ�更Yd�1")�3B�ъ�e�V]�X�-z�Y�oR��Qq���^���&���\G�e[����r8��\�-R��~9U %c�-�k]��H�G�I�*��w������p��d}�9�@&�X�u�e��1I�ë�|2�tN.sm��nе+���Z� �l9���U1k�`uq: 6�U�MRv�[k}{���}�I���lK�c3� n��FE;X�,ـh-�ۛ�<���W�WM_ qVQ�2A�M�b/�����l�Z���ߘ�hMǵNCSO�8�\�冤��;09����j���d����_�?Vk�Y��έ���І����5���=y���S�z\2ie�&a�G]�� ��qFU[IL�&��RԶp�;.`/�ք������*P*�F�$��\�gl�����;i�w�U�I��oa��s14����i ��@7:��q=nFv�S����8�_�:V�Fb��9�ܒ4�������C�(��e��s�R��#^E�����8�Fbt�f)��J�μf����ܖ�' ��fR�6�z�QgF� �Lv#�p�R�*:|�(k��]=J�� �Q��kw����U�8��cַ�... ����ޭZū��V ~d����=dp�{.�����8Y�ޥf�SF����&����'�T4YI�E�Tl�� �+^ONpޚ�� ��("{e��}56U^lҬ�)�$��Dc P"�4#1��T�kv�"ŻCܧ�w@���v,�v�蝣�[�L�Y��Nsܨ���"�ʂ모.�\XH���u:#t�P��qrT$�H墽�"�FH�jA���X����dn��ɺ���)���(���>�`.,9�=� ��謨㪥G�1܄E#u�Wv.[���ڐ@����a��ur�3�5:�qk�E��p���i�X ����� ��4R��7n@\;Qbu<� �̊�}�3 WR����Ү���Y7f;�eP@<�.D�1��oB�)Tph��T��jT+0zJ�Wvc'E*?)J�2��D@�D9� /ݺ�g��܂}����8氽�mv �K�\o{�e@ A�8�\�\5Yö�B�Bڅ m�y�t��R�,/7qYI�%`X�}Ţ�u �곂�,�2�-�@�����.�1��)怡����]U�,��Sp���/����%�22���օ�/oi���_U ��TYJ=��Ǵt#e��A!�$� �����Kٍ��蔎nBp��-z��WY���U� ��o`� �J����� �5w쨹�=l^!d`��Ʋ��)���$l�u(�*T��ܪc<��dk��9+�8E�v��n-��Ut����)�r�T��Z�8ItQ�F�B�$�F�Hy窪+)5���H9�qb����+�M��YTD��);�B��Q�V���5��ȔDW*U\9j���� ' �S���ιK��%��5��$��n[k�h}���G��R{�`�����e$���Z���*�]��U-pn�ȋb �ɲ�PB@�@��"��B"�n慘.��c՚�i�D�[����a{�T-q��C{�F��]��,��v媡mQ�)�},ʈ��Fʲ�F�U��!���DݢBܢ"���Εݍ �4*9�]fD�ɺ� �m��V�B�R.C���/�dU۩VL�%BV�S�`�|VÝ����.7x7� �VL� ����.�ۣ��"��z�����,,�+ ��ಒ�n����h��dPVQܹS��"+���"h�"\)�@,��}k#Eʉ�q��Z*���B2�UA�ޯ%�������Rcis�F���Yz�Q�1'o({������U��B�h�����n�cWvʋ�[�Vn��Ѫ)�I�Ď��6ӛ��ɔomz��-}����*�c�U�YH' ���������ղkK��R�i��>( df$�`E!��=#{���+Ky)�����M��O�\H ���%&����{23Xyh ���("�P��kk*�l�`h �>��F����'-ʹ��@]v7D;eEg�;���,�� X�Q��-nD�$)A�-�E�(��""��"... �J�E�\""�ItP�nz��Sv �P�Ⱥl���!�,���U*= ��T��+0j���.˞AnT��29��ueW75��� �ک9��/k� \ �%@s����H-�ֻu��C�y���6�t,a�� �^�V<�v��������2��{�n�qȠ����{�DB,R(�0u����X����8٤�k:���B������Wd�� Ԩ)[� ��&�k�Y,��u"ڣ����(��ѕK_���]A%dz'��kS��2��i��, �hqv�Hݖ<�'Uw���AX���K�p(p&��J��|�OU���uR ����aY`��Z�eek��kk�bŐ�wE*H(�.����TXN�к ����5M5�$l��R�J(@J(P���K�z)����c��c���d7��!B,�>�4��#�C�hך�̿T!�QB! ����ak�ݖ����X�;A��A7,�}�S��l�E�B�9�n�6��|<W�R}�R�UQ��L���܂&� cf���}�b���<����") ""�C�p�%���`��k��|5+�T|��18�6VL>�"��������/��H�b�tm#�q]*~6ẏWcI�|E��X�(���.��M��JO&L�~+t�� ""��" ��@#'o��.���O�<�ڸ���L<����kBN5�Y$���e�� 婭.zr%JШE PDR@\��ݵ�Gu��\���g�뺔 ���~rti����Q�@;��Ρ���" � ����UQ+ww5,���5Vmup���(��]CG3�Q�;�|U��M϶�أ�G[}�� �K�Su����� >�wu��i� {Ji�"~��p�gD$m��Aՠw_�T�d���b�84 �\�l�(�r�`�s�hE�n�t M�� a���� s� $خMʶkZ��G ��I�A܀��4����@�" jQ9r����&��R�Z+ ��i zK*...
)Uc��YJQB %(q�J7(��.KwS�����;{��t��D�EK�P@;�7RJ���eRÐ4��eP �@},m##���̢���BL=���@�nt��`7�U-#)�*ӕ�#S�]��.3}\E��K���� �uC�TcF� �g({fX""�J�aO�)� ���T��챼��x('%d���@%�(�@�fݮ���.��@R�*�P ��gu.�Z���LOE���$��XJ���+)�r6Tt. �7,'�Cܮ�y��k��D"��-|�n���-�����舄�T � ���U$�,��tTY9$em�+���e�6���V6� ��j��. ' 8� m��Q��;�&@DE '4�>��-�a�ԭu��MP�2 ��v���F�zF��" *���]�����t���hB*B�ܐ��lW���L� ��m}��J��ar��Җ��,Mʢ��� �!YFPE�DE""�F�Xɶ�3��X-.VL:��6� ��<��Lr���X;Q�+�4Z�N2R]�Z���Qh�BX�/?|`��p[��hՍX)���fhT""��" ��""��" C�%3c��`[�{X��5$�?WPj�2Z�4w/?�� �'�o����܌A�5Κ)пC���J�������J!`p���Ğjn,]�!k@�T���]�0(AGF9�Ld{z`M��vA70؍��`������ �����X�J,M������� �d""�h�NPSf���|io%�Z�b΅W)��XM�oeu���e�AhU�M�h���*��V�r@$8�� ���ȱD���V4�)�,d�PR㪨yS�¶dE�*��e"܊���$��E#u�,O%*�JD@.��B ��ȀX��]N���%�e��cO%{�@U��̟;�**Ȳ�� �=�R��(DM�@dhX�\O"��y$��46!Gx1\uע��$#�Z}/�@���=�����QD�(h�"W��j��\��h�T���%>����4��\� h�6PIk�X�S1Q�X�uU1��@��Z㪵�,Q �q�U�6a�HŘP��""��B"ɗ�Fst*��؆el��0Xl��b�r,g��tXÜ7�\I�M�"��uI)�ZK4+ p<Վ�J �F��U1��3c +��]�K9)�"�-�,��=0U���T��U���tG�(���襪�l�^�Uʕv�]X�Zܕ/6iU���T%#V�A@�[�ɺ�Aء��@A7h��Hv���r���G���`C��T�\ 骛 �Z��,T�p���mt��,ITW (-K �DEVHDE@U۪);���`�#�3{�@ܩd�8oe�W�,� �pA�6!o��=�ӳ?��0ݍ=�U��*Qw�+8F{���R���x�������'�.*����nK��e�`w<�G���?�<�G���?�p�=�[�����a���Ɠ��byƓ��b� �O��r^���a���Ɠ��byƓ��b�"{Z�%��V�ߜi>��'�'�i>��'�."��vm��֭�z�GU�3��O�� ��qA���?�y�J��ײ��,��D�^�[/_�+ l��ʏ��byʏ��b�"��k�^��z�9���:;_�� ���� ������q�$�Z�VVD�,�z���O� 4l��B/:u%9f��7�RVD��B�bQ.� MF�-qj�ir.Mȱ���N�KλE... �� ��Ub�ZGb��DV �ޗ em- BZə ��;�����'LF ��hӜ��l�$�gR�,��U{���5�s�l��ImR�K�g��G�]��O���ʏ��j�|���}� t��1�� 4 I6T�Hp���O#u˗��x]���7��S�}�b���9i*��E��ݺ��4�ӷ���6 r��DOz��k2�^��:��rL7��&��J�{��F�]U%$y���opm����j�rb��^J7��q�y�:�H�H���v�i����yeW���8����._<^�F$�k͜�����YU��o��lScx�+��k���\������� b�u6���\fh1z��� y �����|M,Kq˷2�)ʞ�>����i�ٚ�T�l�8�]���O�y�j��m�)�rA�>?�ÃR���I��q���=�y8�:X�N���S�<�:��O]��u�.��@�tcV�`Z�VUB��T��^�k�]+�gme���+菱"��=��v�ŞǛ6s�o�Q��� RK3�#`.s��. �iіYB�f��m~�`n�s��eed�e�M���w��ظ&�����K�����}9+���X�����|� �lO��t�������p�B R��T��v��v�`�\N� ^���:����x���U��� k����ߤի��j�~�[\��O���&�^��QȻo��/ �X���}�k"?}{ �;�����a�r�k#������~���=�ϧ�ҕ<b�T�}e�40�Xl�8� K��Crz��1�,���̤�����g;���= $�ɨl��Ϊ���B/�����\�s����8�#D���q�nm�w �}4�\�b�z�騸��� �������� ��Oh�U�.��U?�B���]7��wX�J���]�J����<@��Q�],��I��cs��}=$4н̒Wf%��(���T�����reQe�zv��Y��_(���iY U3����C�+�TT�KE >r�.&�em���-y^�i���o7� ��`��e �Rz�0�ǹq�۲5�����������$c�}η��uׁ� �ʾj�Fv�`�p���/|�K�Y����R��m�U1q%K#���� y� K �k0馘H�^�$q!�����tG��*ji�Q���>��4���b�R�**��Ǚy�â�aK�aҴ>W�S�ҊG_N��^]5�]��*����m��*�뜽7QMU Mu4����ҾG%e_h�����¹��W]�{X�J� Zf������m6�Xex{�.t��pæ�h��'hj&������Tz2z�Fo�c���*���:LNS,/!����a�s�x�z��Nt'�GM:�j葺�|o_[K��:jʈX`i��h����1�`��i!B:����I,�;4�=�r�������;hz�+�8��:�ʙ�!�c�s��O"W�,Cmk\�_�G�����8lZlW�� �������Y��wmU�Ha����J?��E�3��I��$�m^g�8�a�4T�������8�uS˪*�y;��ov˚�uc��#I�Qv>�״ 8�ޮ��:�G槫���bA���$��Z��T����K~�䯀�(�N�VRv=B,Y�, �yZ���nYk��w��^�\QWv5n�킋/�yug����o�S`t�4�8N3fv�]��_���E�Z��Į��P�o�OQS^ꉤ��Y��]��U�^-�:��an �l�Ƥ�a��s<�WJ/cE]e��h�������UL�^�s�[T8�'A tr�c�f�a�K��D���(�J����x33Eڵ��0�H�{�sx��݆Z���*p��u��-:�>j��¶��Tsw�ǧ�������g����J�P�}-4��L�a�'0:儂���]4��v`�J���F�_����S��+��"���To��{�}ˍ��ܳ��� M߸�:�ݬvQx&�ʉ*d��%1C��X}'���x/,+*�����?�g7��)tl��v+,BN���(�)����r��}a⺕��^!�2���WG({%;��X��u�o���B��EUm$U0��+C�wr��Ѻ��f8�����˃I ��H��~7\�'B2����a���kq�=-3�G!c�sL���:���[��A��*�$����{����.MV*+*�d�� ���M�˦0�.��L���ǐ^����YP�:�B蟤Nq�i��WC�0zH���R�R1�����z���^&) ̕��c��� S�.���"Δϭ������ڪQ/lǪ���d��{C�c�y�7��6�{���{����T������,[7���$�WGs�5�i��|�/�g���Ж/�g�ӌ�ƅ��s:U�sr3���eX�l�+��q�tQ�#��L�-7 �C)6EQߺm`�8�X b��eUe$S��%UY2PDR�I��""��DX����bR... 7��w}�|��*���:G9��?{�;�����e����z�_��,N��b��h�A�J��#p�G�m/��$���"{�����6 ����<�Z���F�P��[�o_���tc�.�*�n��q�+OSM%-C$-��V��F���lm��. f;������*��@3>��EjI ��{8jJ�%��$�+��\+C�Q��a��V�v�K ^���8F�=��h$��xߓ�=����6�=ž����-p�"�/�����n�}�.�V9_� �����5L5p6zi$n��ӡ_"��4���x�s=�{����$��b���@?��V�q �3�]�YZ:�8�K;����9[k��Q�)�6�v�O[ �?�kN����5S�x�\��>We=�A�����)KS{�k����ˢ�ý���S��ֶ���'��MQ#c�����Z?����;�������J���R�U/�ⴴָ�@�}~ˬ0�U��M�iV����}y�hp7\�������uB���/�1�3Ё �L��h�nW�g�Z��4�:In�8ܕ\&U�N�U���>��#�������WJ)#��H�װ�曃�_� �ˡ�b�xMH���!#L4�R����FRT�3������_)��� �,���\�MϽzo������>%Z�G��m��̈W�$���w�_@�<�MQ����W����+�?'���?��j����aC�=I=W2|{�N�Z�sk4淹yn7�%}S��i b�Zb?,�o�z��tvx)����+�v��LNzZ����x�`�~�u�����zz�� ����f7�Ni�`^� �M^��*g�>��.#�h����7.�{O;.G��/Gq�����,i_?��O��N�~�>a�z�5W�?@-��}'�w~�V� q5H�!ri����{�Xcq�$�^�i��Uޑ�喣�u�M)�j�CƄ���I]I\��J��|���W�,m{hVz:���TR�c���=B�E�/閦��>Ȫ���ԓ�i��x�k@ff�b�����?6-R��{�F��3l��?�E�Q�εG ���:�����e~!
�oD��-�,J���IW ���k��|�����8��M0n��e��,`��㑇�����ES�2�ì˽h�,���y��;�ݚ�|�M�|G�Zu�� �é���<��Ăl�n�����p^��P�z�w ���j�C��1�j\g �xe5l2=�75��W�(�j� �8],�����]TU�TP�j�tR�[��}�K�ϯ��0�2��a&���8⺒zS�Q�GQ�[`�~ձ�X̵�ICT��!nf<����|4��#���ƫ��84��bF��Y�0�1 Kx��V��4[���lW��CMW�HkN����plr3�"s��2;R;�n:�jC3{\ƌ�eng�J�\w��?���r��^o�����~^>����W�g���*k�("k��c��s�>|�f������/�ړ��/k��7vJ�:�>�I��u�அ�;4����A|]{� ��͇U���4O;���yخ��G<�7�_3�=hܭz�F���+��#���ݺ��~?&h���Q��|���|��t�/{���r�nIT��{��vDԮ��>�`�;+1o��K~+��5�iA��.A�cǪ0����>���~�Э�tW�7�Ĭ1:�H�������� hԒl���YFj��؈�L�͵�a�cu8�K�#��v���};��Ä�J��rF�j�#�2q��������1 *�|��)m�k�G�||o`M������"{�����6 �F]NߦN�:�J�����\g�f��g��8Kv+N�*��.������|g�f��g腗Gҕ,L�-���%*i�k����ߤ��j����j�dQ�ٜm��<Cq�\��$�^�V�cG��D�,7�����|F�1V�I\�:��#��0���[ԵPVB&���FM���_0��Lb�F.����:�+��0ǽ���M!��ˋ��FJm�ڕIM]�d��������8Y��h7�0b������k/���8�S�*�/{���G@9��.$�\�G�r���ۭ���FS�\I��^&M��}^ �jb���c;9��Y���V� �l��9o��E�_W�fTS������A'��W���X�Jp�~��*�.z;3Q�P*$k�\2���X;-�����R`�q��2�(�+��5Ϳ#e�1Ȱ�k��S:HKno�i�5��gH1�1���]�xc������*p���F�g��ş�J�~�WO���O�s�Aiq���$y X�`��Zx*�mPfv�H�ؖ�����ac��K�w���)������_^��:j�6Zj&���t��w؛��::��A�V�8��5c��Z����"�=������H�}�?Ũ?���+��ߏ���?���UO���^�'w�(ឺ��f5ɘ^��_���8jp �$��H[�����U��9����/KĿ�������K�ٯ��4�'ɗӸF�l�H��$����S����� h� ���T�\���3���0VSTEX������"���X #�#��>��~Q}l?�O���`_�h?�3�� ����?�Z��Oi�߈�����r���'~!���E��iѝ��1>�� >� *����`h��<��sŴ����GN�����XF�_Ng���q�?�'�d��ѳ����F���# RCY��ʆ����F����ѫ�ୢ��x��9� �T�#�� �bg�N_Hv��:JrU՞�a��ϋ/g�J��sI�s�-�?Z��p�)����f�+�h���/KҦ��z:�ۑ�WҸ6� l���i����`<4_6s\���lA�W���+�]��B�ai&2ëo��Q��R�+S%��7���Ctlket���͡ �r�M����q?�6�.ʞ+����z��o�W�3�����z|? ��"tTP�Ls�����U0/�T���!o/'^��%'��:��1I�|ۍ0�"�L�m������~�j���C���G?ޝ~���/e��w���6�������{�R���0�X�6IyuW�ѿ�Wy����s������?óK6%#to��^g�=�x���$lq���!��+�E p�2 F[�m�������EF���?dM�fn�\6���������i�K��.��r�����L�d ��9����k/%�ok���n.���p h�jfBƂ�����N"䒾M�����h�L::j�i$|-�ǰ�H �u�t��`�58�N1z��5���>N�����l �? �pl���i�oi�{�R~ -g��_W+C.Z�o����� ��XA��u�q����N���؈����3���a�2�^O �oE��?H/Y��a�2�^O �oE��?H*`��_�ՓW�>�u*�E�/�;ϛ��/���Ѩc_���>��"����[Oڷ�\|\W� �=5X�!a�#�}���3�d�a����.��Xt�U��g���j:sU[3w�F�{M�g��TI �h�X|A���U7�qO"큮���B����M�u 6R$ѯ�u������Oј��C��L\�"���7���T��6���i�$��u�d��Gn>�M-h� '�W��?�찙�H��������lJT0�+�����z��;���� 6�����kK������htb�-;:��{�g���������gf���Q��^g �� ��� �7�؍��+��xD�����=*�Gի�`����x�csl4�O":Y|}{J�8d�/���H�{r�ye��n�ZϣhU�q4�lD�&���%s�+c�hĠx_�J���x5 �x"�H|��)�ۧ����ԪTk�Z�э�]1K��ymy{���6���rN��a���~� ���Mν���� �,R�����#^��J-�}��P��v>*��w�_@�=�KQ����W����+�'��j?��j�zG��͇�� ���*�{�g�?��MSY3�ŕ��\��ώ���*GQc�p� ���k���q�0J����a�#/c��w�kFUp��ޑX5���|YAOY��I+���#mE�����W�����4.���|L�I�.G@� U)Sjdהe/�}K����^�7.�%������M˰^6� �O��N�~�>c��j�~�Q�0��eCC㍆L�gk_ާ���j�~�\�+� ��� ��i����B2�(��p��K�g�+(��iKQ]��m��B�?+;9��ŷ�e�8鯣sh���,� 3�u^(�MΥa��j�Rϡj�c�p�C���a��F��,Ͳ�k���xJ�7�.�͖�ak�^F>)�-{IpV�i�Uj%��ED�cs���eVC%=-6Fs �ǩ�s1|I��i���yh��=y����.#©���� _��,��^ի7��a�Ј��g��}���Y8�ם�%��'#[�$,�jf��@��t�O�]�;�*&����o�E1�^�.���Uf��I�q9���'��=��s�,Zp��j�h�U-^�������;z9LrZčn:Wi�P*$k�\2��(�~K8m��&5��.f5�S@=X$�������W��ft�幾����?MY��?��x�{�ɃVFj��hb�����5��#e��������qx � u�i9 �,��y ��5�Q�'��~���MR�E^�Flԛ>x�Xx���/�� ���n)����SI�i$��.���9�2��^��xi$�}�~�����(��7�\�*�\y��?� �9y�>�>gE_q�=_]�� ������h/p��RWȗ�¸�SQ2�w�$m a�^���5*�(�'����(�v>��`�<�kt�bl�xZC�9��&_x#��8�+.1��Z��|�[�F� �K��28ۺ��?b�Ξ���V�U?O3��x����E���-����{�c^... ���&���%����n�j�*���^��B2�����+�jp��S���=�v=�� �C���8�.���7'g3.2�k�e�?KSgQ�RJϢ��}����Z�)�0�ɪ�\F��=��ֿ0��NRJ5�����ƒM�HɅc8T�����s� ���E��8blq1����kE� � �X ��|���[ry���K��(�9\�Q��舼�A�� S�+�DR4@,U!dE(��]J���� ��""]I�@P��T���DE""���%B��UnH�%A6V ar��9�h���&����!Bc����^�Ǩ^2���xh�d��Q�| ��A�B졍�EeZ�����n���7 c3�J"�x{�����YݭD�9%��Aܺ�j�i_V���_ ��9�E�Ǎ�5��s�I����=�xi�K�L��H99�6��W���R�1�h�*�|D��n��8wU���#wg]r]m.v�g�K�C��g����-I�M� <<G QTa�T�q�r��%���� �b�1������G�9&{��Ղ��7+�ȱ���:����/*JQQ}Ǖ�"� ua����2zmu���.�9O-^ WON��� m�����Y��Jux��h�F9O���������쾁���I�R��3$���m���-�|N6�"*2KB)ь���� �� ����y��mm��ۑЮ�8�>-I<�yc�f�ǵa�^k舭OR�.J��ĉP����>.��,%�QE�H�X�=�����?���/��P�ԡ �J���N�f��n��^+��S�]QGK�DXћ�h�x��cC*��)��-����� p.�u>{g ��"�5��<����������?���/g�8}^�� ػ9 �p�Ё��.�-���V�I%o��RctyN#�?/�{�ɟ���@��t+�����<���m��_QP�K�kS�]���N瀟�+"�'�t��k� e��6������:|4��߉�K3't�C�W ��� b8-M4m�#�v �����K�C��g�����Eه�ԡ�ʥ�ݞ[�0Z�/ʥ����L�`�����{�>2��q:�y� �\�I�5���z�Q��q�����!����;������e�L��a��tq����S���QN#R�Teo؈R�ѭ]Iu3�Xň�k��\] �v��E}��{�_@;�ʆ.����N�g����6�e.������f�b�d�i�3V��^�MN��R6���8xE���b|�eT173��h��KH ��,w��y�����p� ����RԵJJ{������i����avf�]čB���V������������:^H�П�g�����a�d��E�H鋀�q�G�z]U��+C$���(����ō���cd���{�����-����c�A�n���CV�r�W�N�f�ϟP�]a��j��(� p��ck����xSn�?��~��+(sC��h�N�m�W���p�4�X55S2Kk����'���my���`+j��799>�t��x�%�1J�rz�J^�'�ݣE�����8B�Yef! ��#���Y���_@A���=!V0PV��Ћwg�j8K�R�҉[}ŏ��tp~ ��fɊZA�������yS.���m �U�llk#hk,�6y�!�h�I U+�5Gֿ����z4\�N����o()+3��7��<��9�i�[�bUY��;�w;��_E)]�+5k$`�й�����e)iY��ԓ��S��������g�(�q���Y�y����5n��U\���#����F��6+'�L�J"�x{����o�$"�w{R��dcՠq�w��w��TI��ki�w.�\U�IO3sG#K\;�©#�\�9�<���)+#��_���<\���<�� `��GQWK��ָv�;�⽲��d�B���+jd�E;��p�Kd4Qv� ��s�c���.� ԮJu9���YG2�>a��?���Y�WC��Ȧt�kDлP��9��@B�}'Y��1���:^�'�5�큼�#Ň�\�y��`�}�$��7�C����]��F6�u�Z"�j�LS ��h�5SIm�� �z��k�/�y�^Φ;�Z��[�ھ��Uhc*�V�܉�(�s��p�7#��"�̹�}���� dž�ڪj����Q��y^��t�j�˲� <"��Ǹ=��>�{a���ޫ�Qm��J�e�ӣ,�e�%f|�N����B]е� ��{�Jy�,������#� >��D]��J�YY�450� |6��Ԭ-���.=Oz��M�ح~;=M%/i �r��`��Л�tw�����&t��o���G+j�n�7BX����=��츄������de�sG^az��,��^/y^ r�>e q �Xi $a�\&e����,=�U{F%J"��,��pw~��z-�VKj��d륙- �ICfx�_�d�]6# o��l[�?j��ò���v��u�-�r�>��gfRXx=O �pMK�l���cS]w;���^� hk@ h��V�T�sW�Ԯ�6i j B�����DE ��B��� �9��P�n�Q���}�VX����$ة� �� DE""�U�"����"IR���@J D��" B� !J���dC ���H�P��V... !� HC�]M�Ed�@E�K%��� D�" ,��X�PI �B�� E$D@\�h��3��7@J)P�D@@�vUV*2Q y"�(�B�Q`��,R�:�@�St��J�ʔU�+*?t�[�Wh�U@�tD@AP�I!J)@B)D"�@B)���QA%QY��QM��`B)D)�"J !��DSmPe#d#D �*ʪB�J"($""��" �J(�DE$D@)P�R�{�B�ъA�KF��t��$�D@M��D@B�DD@)D"� B�@J�U*H%U�E7U7��B�(� ��}VE�nD\m�eb5P���,�YPh�t J�RB�E$D@ȡ*��M�@K" B��9"��}E��ʀADE�eJ�@DDF�6 ���l�-6)b��2""�DDwP�����ԨE7 �P�qad��SpB]J "��Qd@J���M���4�ʭ�I!CPDD""�$�"�" �P�()e<� �P�""���(��DPHP�H+T�.�b���ANh��Ia�(�!"PE6Kj��DBB" HB")Wn��Pʻ�P��K�@QY�*��h���DD�""��"�B�@B)D"�@B�*J !�J�,��V�,��r ��pA���H&��T*��I!J�E(��_6�q�R~*��Z� �-,.Ѝt_J]8�4��Q���3�QM]���K�┼OSOO]4q5� c]��B�RW�J�c&��D*)6�qE*���s��� ϓ��=�0��U�i?����������|����Ujd���5 ��jJ)D!BCE�@J^�M�� c�_4mp�\Y�x���W���j��}Q��UF�'{�W�~L���&� Q!�P��lm.y� �QZ�����FU��NS��J����|�$��Z��-����P���"�dy��:��XuQgj��o���C�ic홺ߨZTø���iRqW���iVԺ+23gI赋���1s�w�ܐ�JQ�v����u�k����K�����m[�'g��*��)O'yUNNYM�\���2��x��Ѧ���?��w��A�f��3�⯺2��CA$� J�R�0&7\ �X���v{�PT�I~��}k %�8ьs�����h�1�u� Jکe �ֻ]��-�6��9�%-�Ϭ����n3Z�����x�b����ɻ7|�f���%�;��"*��MGm�1������.w��f�:�E~�~+i5ڢ���c���y�8o�ߎb5�Lأ���pq$��_�Fs����sG4�O�I...
�.�}N�w����(�����T���6�����)i)++���SM`���1jLb��F�Y�+��g0�!x� �dvp��9�������]���* Z���Զ��`.�k��#���B�5(�����Nri�3W�����I�pk[T�\M� ��c0b�Ԑ��D�g���7[���QE�=sa��������sƞ����ܾ��IE.N�44R�z���}��W�RQnoV����E7e��DE�!D@DDD@DDD@DDD@DDD@DDD@DDR�A�B����Q�B����Q�B����Q�B����Q�B����Q�B����Q��04������e�2�-�ֿ��8�awm���l$ �v�"��껪��ES���rE�/q��D`Q�5_}���"�e'(#���c��zN"�:f�ֺ�4t�קR�8���O}vO�"�8�G���y�8tF7��w>�ĕ��n'&���6Q��-��nz��*��Qq��q�]>G�g D�'8ǔ���AM�lM��]��R�R��[3��&1Q��q7O{wA4/���|a�k��U�b��}C !��m���R��EF�"2+��P���p�p��3Gٺ7< ��O-m���0 �&x�1��Cq� /{�Su���Դ���a�:|F �����o(�|�^��2�ԛno�ӫ�[�K]�bRPK1�� �����z4E����}_���X�a8mm咿���44ܭg���p pF�IJ�-���Z���L��M�5�/�#k8>���������n�w+_�0H��FD� �;��꺕X%=nR���$h����tԫ/- S�3���{�[O � �$�W$�X{7��� qu����R�Ud���w��;���_ ��BZ���Y��`ff8����Ѣ�:���Ҋ��+�kh�Z�VZnV��]i� 3��qTi��d}��;op7� +F�Hωg��C�Z��q�ȡd,h���o ���� �QTJ���]�И��uקP��iӾW������; ��h��ef!-l����X7KX ����<9ԞQ��B��2���z.����i���QJ��_J��m[�m�������]S�0�P`:P{j��HN���[�Yf�|.�u}DrK#��#�v�+YU���A���[�f�������;6�x ��6���-Ϫ�(��Vt��̼����f9����i��9o���W �� ���v� .~\��7��� �g��}/q�_7y���y�%���I(�3���������3�q)kd�ڹ�Z�_a~��t��ORq�'��܅�ty�x^zj�jp��L��JZ�%��nV���_��]4I�*N9d��{��tq�, �E5L�T6�R�x���su\v SS����s;3i�ϛ=ο��H�ש,�{�"��!�Y�P�Q��T �P�Q��T �P�Q��T... �֭��p�I������'��A�TH�k��y�'>[_�!�ޏ��\�)*`��d���;f���qlJZ�.��6���yu�є��r��S�1p�X�-6vWo��KD�Gv��� ��籠9�8�\�UY&*�)��>9��-�,v@t�i�UI�E.$)�PA2v.����نxgit�@4%����,O���^I�h�_I�k��e�dVX�,e�Y4�� �����tnݥUo�̴���-�8�\*��#ԧ,�L�at��w��o�]5�����C�������\6�ۢ]���c�v;�æϐ��p���MxN�d����+L�bt5T�ӳ�8\�m��{/vocm�yZ� ��f��| ���1Z�����t�o��|��~EMQ۵��Tfia���r\�X����F��f��-}���0Fd�6����7�U ʊ汥�pkF���N�������G�.v?����lah!���P7���U|X�O]�����y�a�@m����E�`����G�͛�p n뮿���v=�}���3{�QQ���I� �3���9#���=�i��7dX�SN�LL�'H�� �if��VFݮ�>��U�1�-k�H� �*�x]1��Fe�8f�DT|�G~�V3(�s8 ����dM�����긼}� ��0˚�ֽ�"��0��6%���DX�UL̹�"nc�]�\�Z��/M�E �wm3"�\f6���4A1푡�psN�����Q a�v��p� �E��z5�����;�^7KQVUV�xY��k.�N#��p���p\�ٞF����,z&���G�[;%m�k�?�j����|�9���c��c��6>�� xo����婁Uaxg�5�����6=������˦��)���Y�z,�����p��S��ϖCf�;Rz.��WQA�p�j�"sSdѳc�atp:�Bv� ��5����:0�zWXi�.B����A$��F�[���\C�Va��0��RSH��-`�Gp-�.T�O ĩ�<.B�+szz� ���N����Վ}�At\����pfWT5���x!����t"��v�C4r�X�m�@dE��q�lJz�`6},���� ^��e� ��\9��B���ٻ]�\�S܀�E��������ܡ�T�_`�`��d}�Oy�h�6^Ε�U:8�P^sz �<�㑒�>'��;9��,�*`|�&O�n��b���/�M���ˆ_[.]�tE�����eKi�����-�aȭ��@�LL�7H�� �DT|�G~�V7(�s8 �c���>'��;9��,��6!N!�3E��GqZ���3=#�6�B�/�� �g�g��Оhjg����4��Wx.�� G e�s���ܷ��ѴU:*]���O4��({��f���v/�7 �x�M5UMK�a�+]�&�@^����(�:V��Nɢ:]��B7���@���!�/,v#�`�T��"x�sw=����EL�I���b�5@�h��'`�縺�� �&Ǵ��h�&���3"y��m�n��[K����i�����f�!��t�u���:�VDm������2� ��M�N���g9�Yr��a�2����Nð�8vVhXjj�3��Ƈ8Y���R�xfC��%L]��27+��S#����x-�? �ð��S�������I?��ǒx N(�5���g������p�n�u�s����:� cu �{�պ�\���w��i)_-c�e;� dW�#���e��e7�)�}>ښC�e6���,7ٷ��1���[ �� �8p<)� k�j�F��Y��ܜ�綾�u8����w�!uϣ���2�FV)d��(��-'�o� , ��,a�ݙ� ���R�EE $�8X����fVD�� o�?Y]eĮ�IT�6�����nl��/�s7�1\|W}y�K\�j�oF�.��+J%�KfYr��*� ��3@$ϵ����/d�>uÔ� j |z:i�&|ԭq�������q 5uv.�a���m9��d�_D[G��8�:�s�+���*2Ca\�?���m����ָ�=��G�Q�GQ�:�䒞XH-h���%Q�6�V�����QR�oBZgP�: ù�k��CS�M>�GKN��SJ�v����|C_-o ����0��N��joT��^��k(��z� };i��$/�7��R�;7�9nn{3��q����QߤWu�c��+�E��PDؠ��b���V��RA˭d���,��e$q�杬lapi䛋�+ҲL#��@�z �)����dikkx��o��I ݵ\1F"�[#��ǟ�]�=�� �0���ҹ�%�;�o}��,I�'��8�$8XM�hɚ^��n���]<'��q�n��:���4�Q�E����G��-��i�����V�眸��ܲ�p�es�[-U4��]M1��l���t�<�rI�����%��6ɟ� %�'7p'^�.[tra�=O�TS�� ��4�6��v�5�U�hp:����/OV��cy�7#�kSp�D�MY j����v�yL�:z"���Ω�)�g�9�)���:y�)�H��S`qq��pp�i�,�R����1h��i;�[~EM�q�0�YMU,�VD2��lA#����Z0�F6a��Xl��Е�l:�lR�~~ޝ�c,t���K���<�y�P��l[�u�.�at=&#���z�j� �=(s�Z��W�m�xo�à|�5���q���3���� �E[K䪜@sA����zr��`u*�IG=K�-�7H@܀.�'�꤂>%�`���x���`$46�?M�r6+�hsK\i �\���:�B*GM,u$E��ہ�th�k����0u!�s)Hm�_�u��qW�1�����挾����z<$������v9��~H�u���qJ7R��$���bȡ�)ii$��H�h��'��^p�S��mU#g���7SB�vz[�.��[���)*��� ����|�a[_m��'�RbS�P��L@����X��/�w��(���%�h�Z&� �CՉ�k�K� �:O���������x M,M���{y��$$X��ܦ<�7a�h��k... ��V�F!`�+=�`YU� J�v-JNȽuH�+�n���V����7%U|�/��r��)SȬG � �����?�s�g��*�ZpS����siq����ں �� ��ø�����]^/�<�Ӕ���m� �� ���6Q�? u3�o�ղi3�h�˺����e k[|����r�D@DDD@DDD@DDD@DDD@*��Oyߐ�V*��4�@�SL�ߞCs�r ��c�I8��_C��'w�G8���7$ܨD_8��;��>�C!cϠﰮ��v����n�r<����Mp�m��Z�\�TN��֗�ᱶ�V9��^7�+�v2RWGMnRHb�ZX���悬ֵ��Ɔ�� )E$�5��Ɔ��YJ"��" ��""��" ��""��" ��"�CE�w�:�B6ؽ7u�UkS��7bф���T�"���� ;��Y�t�/y%�r��k�x���[�*j �t�ʐ`��_ع���<=yP��jAN6g�Eͥ�l*?;������A_OCN���yӧ(=K""ܠ DDD@DDD@DDD@DDD@DDD@P����7%c��(G��~�uʫ�}A�=]|W'N���ӣ)��Z��D�ߒ4h�X��nrr���RIY �����q�.�r6V���zj�ӻ�էv�݁�pY{��Ƶ,��s���k�Z��4��X`��`2�}�Y���q��]���N��䔿ɡ���IK��� 2+�R8b��La;�h �8���\��U\�zyUG�?ޱ"ۍS��erG��ʪ>����bD�T�?��F_*������g����$N5O����K����s�M�T�Ͷ�e��(� Q ZKM�H=B"���T�6����bE~-O���F_*�����ʪ>�����x��d�#/�T}s���U\�zĉƩ�1�<��UQ�����T}s��'����H�2�UG�?ޞUQ����H�j�'�#���U\�zyUG�?ޱ"q�x��d�#/�T}s���U\�zĉƩ�1�<��UQ�����T}s��'����H�2�UG�?ޞUQ����H�j�'�#���U\�zyUG�?ޱ"q�x��d�#/�T}s���U\�zĉƩ�1�<��UQ�����T}s��'����H�2�UG�?ޞUQ����H�j�'�#���U\�zyUG�?ޱ"q�x��d�#/�T}s���U\�zĉƩ�1�<��UQ�����T}s��'����H�2�UG�?ޞUQ����H�j�'�#���U\�zyUG�?ޱ"q�x��d�#/�O����>I���*��ԛѶJ�]�"�Y�)DB�@ ��TN6������g(���4��_*�����ʪ>����������bD�T�?��F_*�����ʪ>�����S��c$y|����O*�����$N5O����e�<����X�8�����bD�T�?��F_*�����ʪ>�����S��c$y|����O*�����$N5O����e�<����X�8�����bD�T�?��F_*�����ʪ>�����S��c$y|����O*�����$N5O����e�<����X�8�����bD�T�?��F_*�����ʪ>�����S��c$y|����O*�����$N5O����e�<����X�8�����gh�^G��ƊY���c,y QfX(R�E(�+�iX,�^@�DVRqِ�{�|����O*�����$W�T�?�#���U\�zyUG�?ޱ"q�x��d�"J,�5����k?\?5t�}7���Vy�b�3�����S�g�殒'���V:�Ng7�g�槚���]$Oga�>�u���o����O5����H����}X�9��5����k?\?5t�=������*s9�k?\?5<�~�~j�"{;��c�T�s|�~�~jy��p���D�v���X������p�� )Z|B�{;��c�T�q���0NP��լt6+�-z�H�U��%~�V�'�3Xb{�qQZH���!Ux�4�δ�zZgT>�F�ʘS�I(�]�IE]�X�H�iq��0������t�8Y�6�>*�ۣ�PJ���*�ۣ�PJ����u���$�s� ,�۪��ӫ�l��0'�W#��Rw�S��I�B IX��/�XD[tTfs����iJ���,�e%vk���F����6S�9��WQ�kƀ �{t�*�W�wg�2~���Y��������WI����}YN�S���Y��������WI���b�3�����S�g�殒'���V:�Ng7�g�槚���]$Oga�>�u���o����O5����H����}X�9��5����k?\?5t�=������*s9�k?\?5<�~�~j�"{;��c�T�s|�~�~jy��p���D�v���X������p���Y��������?�Վ�S���Y��������WI���b�3�����S�g�殒'���V:�Ng7�g�槚���]$Oga�>�u���o����O5����H����}X�9��a��轮���� ��-�.��5�ik� �+�JK�;2���ny�[��]��"�g1�i��іY������&�u�`��I<��e��跩([�?� �W���%����䩉��Ncp��T��|�~�~j�"�]�����S���Y��������WI���b�3�����S�g�殒'���V:�Ng7�g�槚���]$Oga�>�u���o����O5����H����}X�9��5����k?\?5t�=������*s9�k?\?5<�~�~j�"{;��c�T�s|�~�~jy��p���D�v���X������p���Y��������?�Վ�S���Y��������WI���b�3�����P�n�(�.�'���V:�NgL>vjx�iZ�lAr+�,5��6�w' ���Q��=y3Xb_�4W�'C!c����Ŕ\]��Zi�����S��L�� �E0��%�Xm%vck\�ekI=[Q�Ӹ]�Y�WN#��X�̬�ڣ�PJ�����e'����)1�-���]هM�;�$^ĥ��E�E�a��Ά���y�lrm�Mv-�a�c+�����U�<{���<�@��dX���X8����,���Lj%dbG�31�g��@eDD�#ih��3_b�/D@ ��^~F���$��t������N�Ć����ܛ݂&�X�[����Y��� ��[�U��=ޅ12�(P�5�.{�Z�rI�J���h����-sN����Q�,m�7��p�\�pB��Q��)��𑆶�9�d�K�/��se����(��:*�ʚ��j\�"�����U<��Z���an�q!��k��=D�� fI�lln�q��pA�pW���Q� �TA%��ѹ�Hp��^��k�Z,��Qh�X�8>-l�s�,���G�\wTqtT��Jl9�;��]�e��e�Eχ�} 5TӲ��1�َC`.w��\��kh^��J�f�^I�B���Q������TE��=�?�l�.���55�v�t�K^�����.�1����>�����1�����~���G�)���P��q:��6��p� /!������T^w~#� P��7(�[vk��.5�T���./�a\��bmd��b �... ��PS�nc`�PLzzLk��X�uY�� .�(�E�.�d�=��A��ƣ0 z.oh��;���u�^�9������ѦHÈYGJ�vS��# -�(��j,;�Ĝ �o]k �7=���rS�,�K$Lt�cq-$Xۢ�M�ӘXes;2�j[���"H�#�cH�9��+��lc$��kr����K �@�����y��Ƀr�YF[t����Lc2���N�0�W ��K��UtԘ�EUWf��.6��]���LJ��tm���ZW�6G�v��[����UM��RT�k)��$�f�_Dް�[ �v< ������Q{���~��VURښ�yfg��� Գ$����]�����Akl� ����O I ���_��q�飤����'�\��g��z���q�E�����;�������1�V�Ȫeto��@�^D�냈���8���Ɔj��"=W8d#������o�Q�Q���ewQR:��M�� ˡ��%�������!No���/F��O CZ��d��hp��6>+":�P�����D����q)]��LA�B6.?�����5i,Ԓ�U q��W�a�(�S|�Bq�GiӞq�� @�a��Ԃ����X�@ØD��� ^1L"��G��Da�/|��u�S ji�����,6�E���ı����� 1�qH�#��P.�l۷{�����+�TU�� ��otn#�-"���1J8��<ߌ>W�٩kA&Z)9w�C�+ۯ;��'�� �'55D bp�_kp�l�E}N �1���o˔��O-��w���8}>������K��m�.�;�MVX�7G+�8Y�p�#�!��)�zz��e�;�#?k�����wȸ� �)h�(�^Ql��s �{����,&�~ޓ��^Ol`�y,��u ֶ����W�`u�Ğ"�G¼C4x�U��C!�"�1�5�7��.�)�l���T~�Wk�h�����&۲ z�>��ω��+��F����6����G�����e�ҵ�u���n ��q�6'+{?$�(�p������ �� U-=d�#�#�$hp�R��ub�su�p�{�q�h�s��^�EJ|# � �4�vo�ܱ�gZ���B��-.M�t��5�Y�Uv�...
People Also Search
- Methods and Approaches for Language Teaching: TPR, TBL, CLT (2025)
- Methods and Approaches in Language Teaching: CLT, TPR, TBL
- ESL Lesson Planning Frameworks | PPP, TBL, ESA, & TTT
- Different Language Teaching Methods | NCC - Northwest Career College
- Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: TPR, CLT, TBL
- Language Teaching Methods Guide
- (PDF) LANGUAGE TEACHING APPROACHES AND METHODS - ResearchGate
- PDF Approaches And Methods In Language Teaching PDF
- Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: CLT, TPR, Audio-Lingual
- Methods and approaches in language teaching | Genially
There Are Various Teaching Language Methods And Approaches That Have
There are various teaching language methods and approaches that have been used throughout history. And there are certainly some, including the communicative language approach and task-based learning approach which are all the rage these days. Keep on reading for all the details you need to know about these older methods as well as the newer options, including communicative language teaching, task-...
The Approach Is The Way That You’re Going To Do
The approach is the way that you’re going to do something. The method is the way in which you’re going to complete that thing. As far as language teaching goes, method and approach are used almost interchangeably. in Activities for Adults· Activities for Kids· ESL Speaking Resources Teaching a foreign language can be a challenging but rewarding job that opens up entirely new paths of communication...
Keep On Reading For All The Details You Need To
Keep on reading for all the details you need to know about the most popular foreign language teaching methods. Some of the ESL pedagogy ideas covered are the communicative approach, total physical response, the direct method, task-based language learning, suggestopedia, grammar-translation, the audio-lingual approach and more. Here’s a helpful rundown of the most common language teaching methods a...
Practitioners Of This Method Believe That Learners Should Experience A
Practitioners of this method believe that learners should experience a second language without any interference from their native tongue. ESL lesson planning frameworks are step-by-step structures that support teachers in meeting linguistic and communication goals in the classroom. There are various frameworks that are applied for different language aims, class levels and needs. Under the umbrella...
The Roots Of PPP Go Back Farther, But This Framework
The roots of PPP go back farther, but this framework was mainly developed as the shift to CLT began in earnest, in the 1970s. This framework is the one most commonly used in course books, especially for lower levels. As a result, it is an ESL lesson planning framework that teachers need to master before setting foot in a classroom. Course books do not always explicitly lay out the underlying lingu...