What Is Quantum Computing Mckinsey
Flip a coin. Heads or tails, right? Sure, once we see how the coin lands. But while the coin is still spinning in the air, it’s neither heads nor tails; it’s some probability of both. This gray area is the simplified foundation of quantum computing. Miklós Gábor Dietz is a senior partner in McKinsey’s Vancouver office, Dieter Kiewell and Jared Moon are senior partners in the London office, Alexandre Ménard is a senior partner in the Paris office, Mark...
For decades, digital computers have been making it easier and easier for us to process information. But quantum computers, a fundamentally different approach, are poised to take computing to a whole new level. Quantum computers have the potential to solve very complex statistical problems that are well beyond the limits of today’s computers, across a range of industries and applications, including finance, transportation, pharmaceuticals, and green technology. While quantum computing is just one of three main areas of emerging quantum technology, it alone could account for nearly $1.3 trillion in value by 2035 and make possible unprecedented business capabilities. Investors of all kinds are perking up their ears—and opening up their wallets. McKinsey’s 2024 survey of quantum-industry leaders indicates that many quantum firms are growing quickly in size: 39 percent of respondents said their companies have more than 100 employees, up from 9 percent in 2023.
What’s more, government investors alone have pledged $34 billion in investments. Classical computing, the technology that powers your laptop and smartphone, is built on bits. A bit is a unit of information that can store either a zero or a one. By contrast, quantum computing is built on quantum bits, or qubits, which can store both zeros and ones. Qubits can represent any combination of both zero and one simultaneously; this is called superposition, and it is a basic feature of any quantum state. When a qubit’s subatomic particles are in a superposition state, each subatomic particle can interact with and influence others, a phenomenon called quantum interference.
Quantum chips make up the physical hardware that stores qubits, similar to microchips in classical computers. Our fourth annual Quantum Technology Monitor report shows that surging investment and faster-than-expected innovation could propel the quantum market to $100 billion in a decade. When it comes to quantum technology (QT), investment is surging and breakthroughs are multiplying. The United Nations has designated 2025 the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, celebrating 100 years since the initial development of quantum mechanics. Our research confirms that QT is gaining widespread traction worldwide. McKinsey’s fourth annual Quantum Technology Monitor covers last year’s breakthroughs, investment trends, and emerging opportunities in this fast-evolving landscape.
In 2024, the QT industry saw a shift from growing quantum bits (qubits) to stabilizing qubits—and that marks a turning point. It signals to mission-critical industries that QT could soon become a safe and reliable component of their technology infrastructure. To that end, this year’s report provides a special deep dive into the fast-growing market of quantum communication, which could unlock the security needed for widespread QT uptake. Our new research shows that the three core pillars of QT—quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing—could together generate up to $97 billion in revenue worldwide by 2035. Quantum computing will capture the bulk of that revenue, growing from $4 billion in revenue in 2024 to as much as $72 billion in 2035 (see sidebar “What is quantum technology?”). While QT will affect many industries, the chemicals, life sciences, finance, and mobility industries will see the most growth.
We conducted extensive analysis to project the 2035 global market sizes for each of the three pillars of QT. We found that by 2035, quantum computing could be worth $28 billion to $72 billion, quantum communication could be worth $11 billion to $15 billion, and quantum sensing could be worth $7 billion to... This growth shows no signs of slowing. We predict that by 2040, the total QT market could reach $198 billion. We present our market size estimates as a range because of the large variance in potential technological progress, adoption rates, and scaling opportunities for QT in the decade to come (see sidebar “About the... �s�0_�p?��⍹h�<����X#Ƭ�g�צ5�ͫ����3Dt }g.v�����ܾz��1���.�9h����z#muנ+ۀl �����o���}���*�4jTM ��L9�'������,�� �k��i�cb�������_�Z@�Ҽcڔ���;�Y4~Y'��1���R�t�;ߒ��A�,ZT��v��yb �iI�C�D���:���߽{��Ő?^|z�ܞm�����?�}[����? � l�_��~�G!�}�5��>��=��o]����Y=L��iLN��*7��U�G>h!�re��bz|ߏr<�@~�@a�@5� ��FDg�L4J�}�d�G�����adӽ�=�m��pY�o�൬����X_\c��I�D�2�"�h���Ee��Ԏ�����������/^!�Ϧ�_,wX.��k���Xk��������m]2���<�#��[v�QЂ�e�?m"�A���0Lk�36^i��0��@��A�WJ���#��;(غ_�C� � � �6[��+ �B4��e�)J~��l`2���g N�d� o�f&�����*�?@���\�'�U��0 D�� ���M�ABb�8!���M@����=3�KƁB��q3~��73 1���FvlQ�&*"{W�m���?>� �N%�,���~�j_�)?}�s� 曈o�.�{�d�e�]*e?ր�㦆D�+�� �ênh�H<�S��;7DtpV�� ��\/y��&MB����ĭ1֭u����Y ��\�|�)�j���� K'{�^��hI6��'X�- %�K ����h���&�l7�IG��y�ƺj�O��@20B��@�bs��=Xx�JF��$ѡ�,�*3�e���%[����oo���j�5�lQ��PkR��F#@k_z� ���H���-"�]M2� ۀ��'��U<ީ�=��7��ȫЌ ����^�����r�6J��H�H\�V���}���SB��4��+�/�eJ�!�$0�գ �C�&��*\T��r���� EP�8�Z��Q�4�6�� �������h��t�+��z�\�(� 0��U��횒�.��@��O1S��~��Zѵ��Z=���l��-W���e�K���O endstream...
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In 2024, the QT industry saw a shift from growing quantum bits (qubits) to stabilizing qubits—and that marks a turning point. It signals to mission-critical industries that QT could soon become a safe and reliable component of their technology infrastructure. To that end, this year’s report provides a special deep dive into the fast-growing market of quantum communication, which could unlock the security needed for widespread QT uptake. Quantum technology encompasses three subfields: Our new research shows that the three core pillars of QT—quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing—could together generate up to $97 billion in revenue worldwide by 2035. Quantum computing will capture the bulk of that revenue, growing from $4 billion in revenue in 2024 to as much as $72 billion in 2035 (see sidebar “What is quantum technology?”).
While QT will affect many industries, the chemicals, life sciences, finance, and mobility industries will see the most growth. McKinsey initiated its annual quantum technology report in 2021 to track the rapidly evolving quantum technology landscape. We analyze three principal areas of the field: quantum computing, quantum communication, and quantum sensing. The analysis is based on input from various sources, including publicly available data, expert interviews, and proprietary McKinsey analyses. The conclusions and estimations have been cross-checked across market databases and validated through investor reports, press releases, and expert input. Because not all deal values are publicly disclosed and databases are updated continuously, our research does not provide a definitive or exhaustive list of start-ups, funding activities, investment splits, or patents and publications.
The United Nations doesn't declare International Years lightly. When the General Assembly designated 2025 as the International Year of Quantum Science and Technology, they signaled something most C-suite executives are only now fully grasping: quantum computing has crossed from theoretical physics into... Over 1,200 participants, including multiple Nobel Prize laureates, gathered at UNESCO Headquarters in Paris in early 2025 to launch the initiative. This wasn't an academic celebration. It was a recognition that quantum technology addresses the world's most pressing challenges—from sustainable development to cybersecurity—and the window for strategic positioning is closing fast. I've spent 20+ years watching technology cycles.
I've seen the hype machines spin up around cloud, big data, and AI. I've watched executives bet wrong on timing, and I've watched others capture massive advantages by moving early. Here's what caught my attention: AI and quantum computing aren't just complementary technologies. They're creating a feedback loop that fundamentally reshapes both fields. �ߨ�% 2�?y���K�.0c��,(~l��ʥ�(��U��m���F��'�@p����wR{�7l����v�9 �B`��d>kn��UJ��7���&�W������S��=�y����9gj�M�Ss�u4Z֟�T,D&Xn���nEV�?|gҗ�OV�)��5lD1/!�(Ua�w�5�"`��s��(C3m�mV ��E�q��fe����`�ߙ[!��t�by��NfT�R.��<�*Tju���$*��F�?欯D�KƓ���~�S�H3�Rd�h�:���U ��ʭq��7��:6"�Y�`�;_ɛ���@���X,dc� ���Vw�8�Sw�1�������F�s�O/X���j ˉ=a3����2�DMa��D��K�<���5۾m�P`���Ӂ��5�|Q��P��F��q)K"#��2=T����řȲ��Mr�/G䂺�Dt�jo���I�x�"���_���0�E|1J�BHm�Ơ!�����H>�M�Hέ[������Ɉ���Π�N�h55Β����f�Yf)�c?��P�.S�y����6Do$�M�D�x�1Ɇ�L"��D�X�Aݓ������X�%� +~2�\{�1�r����/�v�TN�d��U)l�0ZyҚ"3��b+,�?o��3 ��&����I��?uW[1_��W"�J���6��1*��/v������������ j�yND}T���C3uH�: j� �hM��A[�� tը�M�f.���c�@��c����%�5��x�<~���eY�E�M� �GxDXdթ�_�~�l��IS�����j�+IL�� � �ʷ��&+!�����-qR�,�T��/��N,ì�L��j}��RX�T 2!��}�`]Z�z�6 ���z���͍f�M(�I*%��wATW;XA$>��_g�J�G�<�I�S���y�,� Aiw�1/�T/*`�X ���z�ճ8�(��t� ��K�$!���8w[�ux�mJk��VM+�hp�� +'r[n���G��AΏ�|%�+�m飄D���sA"� ���ar�w)!'l��|X��䴍[��B#��zXkl�����1al�N(�~�HV�?~��}�TW�s�自N�Y`8�(���٤-����kS���% ��_fu���U�|�K�^��^��Ŏ������l*����8���D�im$2`�����8���D��������Xlx���l�Y�z��lB@�o��%2۫���H�:�{��S�nHs�\�T�l<�}:�~��U&������Jg ���ttW��գ�����N1��#ME��ȱ��l�B��讚#������S# lگk�CFCn��� D����f��c !�v��:����W��8.��E�ux7����[��K�ӿ�F`����-}��߱�{�$��4���}=Ǽ��� �/)U�jפ�R���� �E@(qu����� �%�G�u��q���qA��tӏ�����~���CZ`S�%�g\-N�l�]�9M�O��#��ט݀���aq��`�A��:D��a�C�8xFEF�m�J�x�T�''��(�t�e��:��.�L�E��e>o��ׯ��<�`X7u�Ǘ��C�Yg<-k��-zK��d��VIr*"蒢'm��Gh�h���;e�[r<ќ�k �^@��\}ZC�P<���䑐hMK#�r!����t{�}��� ��6����hB��ԭ}�����>��ađ�tվ�p*UC�,� ��`�l7�*�Ji. ����R�7"�p��9�݃��=^���o^�������i(���r��U�{�^�����Etj�!�����U��ѯ���h�B������Wx�J����߾�W�B�je"�]Շ�?�m<L⪢d���M�=��J��ڍ��zێ���څ�*��))%�)�|�#|�dwO �B�[ ء��5q��A��~�kC ��/Ɗ�&��j�G!��$��J�y�xsq��]W-[��/1c� ��\3l��s��M�N�ުoM���4]� U���m�Q&� .X�� �xEyMFm�J���$w<�!�! �pN��]+I3Zd/�k�;W�2t��Z��A6!P��f9˚c���M�F���a���^�.�6i� BY"@7�=��c��IM�}ŹN�P�v����+>�f>K8������B����� �U>�@;;q܃�,��f0�؎��q;�۠ b:c�����$�ti��G hR:2$��S& �TQ�?�W��� xW�d�.2�n���˙��a�� x����C;b4��ަ0�ɳ'�*8�J�f��ݲ��*T�R~Q�����$�y���y�G)4�leғ+��M;lH�mj��1�������3���c�P~=�h�ȭU�L�P��ϵ �`ܲ�=�ۙ��/��&&����։d�Rm�Q �T�U��c�m, �1����(6h��,��V�1�����)��& �V�.
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