The Role Of Technology In Exacerbating Or Alleviating Income Medium
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume 11, Article number: 809 (2024) Cite this article This study seeks to understand the nuanced relationship between technological innovation and income inequality with an emphasis on the broader implications of this interplay on human–technology interactions in diverse socioeconomic settings. Using cross-country panel data from 59 nations (31 developed and 28 developing) from 1995 to 2020, the study employed the common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG) estimator. The robustness of our findings was validated using the augmented mean group (AMG) estimator and the panel causality test. The results indicate that technological innovation, while heralded for its potential to bridge communication and operational gaps, inadvertently exacerbates income disparities, with a pronounced effect in developed economies. Moreover, interactions between technological innovation and variables such as economic growth, globalisation and export trade introduce additional complexities, including both buffering and acceleration effects on the primary relationship.
These findings shed light on the double-edged nature of technological advancements, underscoring the need for informed policy-making that harnesses the benefits of innovation while mitigating its unintended socioeconomic consequences. The study sets the stage for domain-specific explorations such as in education, public health and business. It also invites interdisciplinary discourse on the ethical and behavioural dimensions of technology adoption, especially user experiences and societal outcomes. Income inequality (INE) refers to the difference in income distribution between various individuals or groups and is an ongoing issue that has been in the spotlight for the past several decades (Kuznets, 1955). As shown in Fig. A1(a) of the appendix, in 2021, the top 10% of the global population accounts for 52% of global income, whereas the bottom 50% only has 8% of it (WIL, 2022).
According to the Human Development Report in 2021/2022 (UNDP, 2022), rising economic hardship and INE are driving trends in polarisation, which results in social turmoil, political contradiction and armed conflict that impede economic development... Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic sounded the alarm on the fragility of economic systems and has imbued countries with a sense of fear and danger. This has shattered the dream of rapid development and driven a chasm between the rich and the poor. Based on the data released by the International Labour Organisation (ILO), there were 473 million unemployed people worldwide in 2022, with those in low-paying occupations and informal employment struggling and suffering the most (ILO,... Simultaneously, the pandemic has further exposed the weaknesses and injustice in global health and education systems. Reducing vulnerability, sustaining growth and eradicating poverty are becoming increasingly important in addressing persistent INE (Law et al.
2020). According to the Global Education Monitoring Report, despite the wide-scale adoption of digital technologies, there still exist significant disparities in access among various economic groups (UNESCO, 2023). Rapid advancements in digital technologies has indeed ushered in groundbreaking innovations and opportunities worldwide. However, the gap in access to digital technologies among different income groups leads to information asymmetry and knowledge gaps, forming the complex dynamic process of the so-called digital divide (Van Dijk and Hacker, 2003). As shown in the appendix, Fig. A2, there is a deep divide in internet connectivity between the rich and the poor.
This interplay between humans and technology introduces additional complexities to diverse socioeconomic settings. In summary, it is critical to delve further into the determinants of INE and their interactions with technology, which contribute to formulating targeted policies to bridge the gap and advance societies towards inclusion. Technological innovation is the application of new knowledge to improve production tools, processes, products, or services in a specific field through research and development, experimentation and promotion. Technological innovation is the fundamental driving force behind economic growth and has been identified in endogenous growth theory (Howitt and Aghion, 1998; Romer, 1986) and evolutionary economics (Dosi, 1982). The inverted U-curve hypothesis proposed by Kuznets (1955), which elucidates the relationship between economic growth and INE, has been widely developed in economic and environmental fields. There are some inextricable nexuses between INE and technological innovation that provoke scholarly debate.
Despite the benefits of technological change to economic growth, there is a dark side of exacerbating INE. While numerous studies have demonstrated that technological innovation contributes to economic growth by boosting productivity and creating more occupations, it also widens the income gap (Antonelli and Scellato, 2019; Tang et al. 2022). Biased technical innovation and technology spillovers are the two primary ways in which technological innovation affects INE. Technological innovation increases the demand for skilled and knowledge-intensive jobs, leading to a substantial replacement of low-skilled labour by high-skilled labour, eventually resulting in lower-skilled labour falling into unemployment and being ensnared in lower-paying... Consistent with this explanation, skill-biased innovation changes the market structure, widening the wage gap between skilled and unskilled workers (Acemoglu, 1999; Florida et al.
2017). These findings undoubtedly pour cold water on the enthusiasm of enterprises, policymakers and inventors for innovation. However, some empirical evidence suggests the opposite conclusion. A basket of policies oriented towards technological innovation tends to counteract the inequality-exacerbating effect (Yeo et al. 2021). Moreover, information and communications technology (ICT) contributes to the inequality-diminishing effect in the long run (Nguyen et al.
2020). More contextualised studies carried out by Adams and Akobeng (2021) reached the same conclusion that technological innovation reduces INE. Additionally, some studies explore how inequality expands or diminishes through the interaction of technological innovation and other variables, such as globalisation, financial development, democracy, regulatory quality and institutional quality (Adams and Akobeng, 2021; Asamoah... 2021; Law et al. 2020). Moreover, research on the interaction effect and reverse causality suggests that the potential feedback mechanisms and pathways between technological innovation and inequality are worth further investigating (Abakumova and Primierova, 2018; Koh et al.
2020). Technology is a constant force for change that promises to connect us, streamline processes, and drive economic growth. But a recent study published in the scientific journal Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, conducted by prominent researchers, delves into and explores the intricate relationship between technological innovation and income inequality (the gap between... Income inequality (the gap between rich and poor) is a major concern, and new research sheds light on how it interacts with technological innovation. The research developed by researchers from Sichuan University (China) and Juraj Dobrila University of Pula (Croatia), with global implications, sheds light on how technological advances can widen the economic gap, particularly in developed nations. The data paints a grim picture: the top 10% globally control more than half of all income, while the bottom 50% struggle with a meager share.
These economic hardships fuel social unrest and hinder development. The COVID-19 pandemic further exposed these vulnerabilities and highlighted the need to address persistent inequality. Technological advances drive economic growth, but their impact on inequality is a double-edged sword. While innovation creates new opportunities, it can also widen the income gap. This happens in the following ways: The study goes beyond direct effects.
It explores possible feedback loops, where inequality can influence technological innovation’s pace and direction. Additionally, the research investigates how economic factors such as growth, globalization, and trade interact with innovation to affect inequality. Technological advancements can contribute to income inequality by automating certain jobs, favoring those with specialized skills, and widening the gap between high-skilled and low-skilled workers. While innovation drives economic growth, it also leads to job displacement and skill-based income disparities. Technological advancements can have significant effects on income inequality, contributing to both the widening and narrowing of income gaps depending on various factors and how these technologies are utilized. Here are some effects:
Skill-Biased Technological Change: Technological advancements often favor individuals with higher skills and education, leading to increased demand for specialized knowledge and technical skills. This can result in higher wages for those with the necessary skills, widening the income gap between skilled and unskilled workers. Automation and Job Displacement: Automation and the adoption of technology in industries can lead to the displacement of certain jobs. Routine tasks are more prone to automation, potentially leading to job losses for low-skilled workers in certain sectors. This can contribute to income disparities if displaced workers struggle to find equivalent employment opportunities. Creation of High-Paying Jobs: Technological advancements can also create new industries, job opportunities, and high-paying positions in sectors related to technology, innovation, and digital economies.
Individuals with the skills and expertise in these areas can benefit financially, reducing income disparities for those in tech-related fields. F|��Ru��Õdr�����6m�M���۰g!����B�ڜ9s�Di��Z) ���l����_.�'�[GGG�aϫV�b�������?/�}�ҵkװ*E��E�xJ.n�X�]�vei������d��^���ǣdHYY0��G���G!��1�\��-[�^,R���Qp�`���ķGd� &���������"��ٳ� � A�2�9��J)we>��3>�u�w�Q]��/�|�Lo��C�_W�2�촚�'�T�����ݺX|]�ʴ�@P������r�{X�4�ȩ|u}���G��� ��דgJ�ȏ����̌���P^���Y�?�ۍ�e�?���g3]�P�Ŋ��{�=����Ŋ��/��ą���~���f��+h��:��.١p ųڏ����6����������a!��īay^����r���Wo�r� ��d#���;����I���_<���_{���Y3C� ��=�ϸ�23�D9?���}W��/�����}�,�9{��f��Ui&�� TWj�i%����������g��{��u�����@�vɕlmmG��;t��}m��Ԁ,,��\!�~]ZZ����lٲ˗/�p.###0�իW�LT�ŭ8v�XC�����v��a���������r�h�Y�-,,��� ���D�LJ�.]<��Q!&�(�umذA$:�x�b�7��"Bf�ܹC�2���/�E��|}?��*#5?~\�R�j�O�nff��1�"�*$5� Dj` ��}��ݻ+��n�*�X�$Hx�x����'�1Ksqu��������]M|��]�6�������~b{���A�Em'x���|���.� ����E�� �� �;M��'�;�p�T���eG�������+�����v��<6$�86Q��"�{d�/�W��̈́}AE_�� ����w� �̖�q�|�tYT����+�L;���5f��E[�f�šy7n��Ü��Иl���@ ՕU���f�E�E�a�%H�@,4�����'O��z�r���t ��>$$������>�6�H ���z�:�77WKK ��6l�� ����r�J�7r�#d����-<бcGgggVl�� �r.��� C�x�p%MM�!C�p_@�# ���p��UGG���$���['*��H��H�pm�CM�HII 9���K&i;`�"5XYY͛7����r�^�.�� �a�*��O�����~��cX�S�dt�O�>�նxu{��!�i�;�D�R�H��L(#5�����!22��ڵ��ԀIA��JA�i�B���������F��C�H^��� ��m�ܹ����]<�8u�v��xZÂ�����F�Dv�?�ec�����ehh�r�ȑ�c� �Pj �f>L�n߾�UCC���˼�YRY�!z�ƈ�+""B[[� 8�H6����Y�$5H���#5��� �9���J���,u 8C�... \�.�*+}�K [�d����1r����{�C�%���84�^+%MX�=�687���K`��ay a����]>5v2��c�� �\�,�s���o����k�p��m���]���Bj*}c�� �&v�zu��"I<x�s]�_RQ��_s��-���b����;tK<=� ��彎J�����}�v���G-�QR�U���� 9��9Oɹ S�`̭{}���u��۞_s.�,o���<�N�1vr b�㿦�:�\E���I W�i��\�>����r��꿔v@D'�w�˂.-��K:؞L����^m:����`f[[�gAa�K�= �zŦ��.t�i�j���O8�{5��,��@�?@�R��&��A 5�?J ����ik�Mס������g�����{����r` ��ݭ���>0Lǘ�~�-�-�uw �@ ><��֭[G�Q�)�w�r�W�^�|�r�L�ã(5�(&[�O��h�h�=����Ab�H�����7���1��mg3���]� �gV�h:XN�Hh�b�QV���ŁD-}���؏J�}�����8n�H����������ҷ���G���Y�A�6�)`���Z�A�������I�m �����ǥ,VCIɣQKV�ވ���*���?8p-����}q�x�[��ݿ��gh�pg|u�g���'ӵ �ϸ�4 en ��:J Wt"�aE ��uM�S߆���C")>�A2��g�+)��ͭ�Z���~/��A���y���Q�4{#q@Hc�gd��@ ��`2�jB>�:uuu(#�賴J ����7�C�9��.p OhĶ �V����{�v-�rʹ��S�WX-��t�|�|-}{c� +|.yU�/f�7_XH��C������"ο��ܞl����'ӵ �]�['�F����˽D엘9_\,��� S��'��%��8:f��6��=IZ�oVGR&[��K]�3 i�/�>��T�FQj��X�'F&5�1��O�B88�3�ZT�B*�jPh��Dy*��h���J'� �f�$,$��"n�Jbv�����n�/K�� ͗�����+e��oXh\���'����_�6�(�4k��V95<�@ ��h����p݇�PزU�0�&���O8ՀI... h7"�� �@ ����P(�r�N;����̽���Vr<�_(��� ��~ěɻ��ߟ��� ���{�/R�꽠8�����&�.5���$6� sSv�PT��p��!�I���8��G��@}���F*�g'�%�e Χ.7��u=��X,��t1�Fc��3FCvQ��5d:C�����<�u�@�<�����xL&��������Z�m���- �3H]]]MM�����@ 4�(�����-���x��|��.��s�i�9��F-�1���7�=�+������K=?7���;���t�Ѷ����3b}�gK'ê[g�v~i�2�7T� s�!����D� ��Cq��|{][� ,�����L�P�^� ��S ��j;����ј�cj��b�"""�;�n�:++��{��������?s�L7���Dtt�� ��������������p� s��6l���^PP��𒐐��秺h���VXXW��Y�B�p�5kV�\�~��˗/߹sG�8�f�����,];;8�������WWW������u�ƍ;v숉��D���Y�Ǐ���9p��&2���f{yym��\ �1�F(�8\���Z�hNN��]����$�kk댌 �p3f�����7�|3b��w]�@ �I��y��, ��߀��&�j��Q���[�|�bw-�� �]�+�(���.�#;ND��Bi=�Co��4�.x:�(�E�u�T&j�������'K@��n@{'QB}c�d��Qj��$�CS"G��yϞc����^�q8����Ç�z=?Ų�>Gǥ$����������vjt��� ��iv� C0���G��ŗ����� 6�̙3������˺���^&`���=f̘O>���O?511Y�z�ҥKǎ��g�͝;7""�;�ys���� 0˰a�����%%%���'N�CZZZS�N����5XZZN�2e�ȑ�'O#�J%�T#,Y�d����<==��U�V}���v�R��XITT����'r`���45B�n߾�i�&X!�SZZJ؆N�/[� ����������N]\����#�pG�u���?~\U9����s�?~\\\xx�?��}�vB����A�>Q�_�P8gΜOH���_ �YSS��������~�;��|��d2���ӝq�;(�j�b����+�gP �$5�U� Doy ���K i�����k������U� o ���xWs,�j�_6��s+��%(�%��K�>�}�l�/xȪyv��Adb#����$�������Ϻ�f��{(laОB{yI�7 [�_Ŧ�?�Ki���h�d�#��T��T}���)�b��:�ek�... �� % �ND-�tiĒ]ʽ�YE�oSd���sY�� ��G-��;���U1��N�G$p���~Qɣ1�7� ��˺�� X����U2����Y*z+�# ��@Gf�%�Ǟ�j�����;�SO����>�Ͳ}��uΦІ�g���ҟ�n��<�����F���t,&$��@ϒ�PP�eI��̵�,W&�8D�Fy��@>Yz�~,54�~7��g�NX�Nm�2��Κ�*�,[�G�D(���G�1Ww?�O����[҄2N �������5������InK�1��`�Z�J�1�Z�[W|3z`{� ����� 6���~�]�v��RèQ��P s�~�Ν;722RUA>u����/\ ����#(333L[��0Z1塦F�ZDD����%���\j�����S�*���.;&()է��cY222�N�R�=�E����611Qt� ���Vꕟ�?l�0?44T�@ ��D!x���߀�0|��"�J��.\���אI p�AU�S�� ֦Xy��yX̊+�x�6nܨ�n�M���U������M�4 o�=?���G�())��с[��I���$L��S��l��Ħ����k��Q�@�aAy3�w�T�Ay�ۓi:�N �E��s ���0q<�y���,�oD��>:F���yNY���hr~�C������D��fP�MW�|��B��.��{Y������@ ��>�և�q���`�F�b ��|���<�[���N�oV`{1D��+&�\��縭g�&[��9�ʮ���Hq�;������:"��&d�~c��X��܌z��ˏA-��>��! �_���׳sJ:�@ :s�<<<4��&�� U�z�xtqqQ�d�X`�C=�h����C3|�ll,4�>/Z�L?��p��(�P�d`RÐ!C�o�naa r��5�xP9n�8ccc������QQQx˞��� `�b�<Ə��PP/5��Ā� -���� I&5`�B�Ν�T�I ����L�����sss�������ָ)���8q�R/Lj�{A8,�J�| `42��W�Z�p�BE� ��ūl�=����~/54�v(�%���O�YZ�yY������Q �P�a�OM� �!$�@ =�Հ;�k&5�����jll�>}:ԫf���!�9�RӒ4V�wtt{�Κ5��� � ԣ���Clw�� pP���l]]]7"�����$��>j�(,�������SW��c���p������ �� `�c[rIII��ֆ���F��>|����Bl_����ʕ+J����p�c"�S;;;,�����e����w`Q][7tEQD�Xb��) ��F,{�(F j,؍�Ałi���X����� 3�I������?M��Ę.wn������͜�O�e���>� mmm�R�����rss#����RC�v��� ��зo_����G� *���W� ���y�_���P)��mYwG��9;�����R��sК %/� "���?ɂ>"�诃�P��8?�VL���jp��^3�O��˛�ղ2IF`XT��BI ��\\rZ�:��"ub�1W N����h#�ӽ� HbCkkk���ҥK�&�z�z0 ʸ�� X����,""B�s8#WCvv6a��Ǐg��=�<�8F�'�(5dee����Hޕ/X����89�a]`fhhx��i�����k�B=̙�����0gN ,<�m�Zٱ�͛3t�PΞ7n����|����lH�R�%"�7�ܲϼ�`I �v���VVVgΜ!�SHHJ...
8;Goʰ�����=�o��Bja�ץ%I���;�=I��4�8Շ$c�ۧ�ϙyd��79�ץ�Fھ�ET](q�^cS��:��zv>��2�= "�b�����y$s�6H����+K��{-][ 18d81�b��k��Z�w�����H�)���?�Z�"p����⼶�\2��;�ٽ{����t���YF:���k[uy߅'{mua��#�?����uvW��쏐��u��-ք۫5�G�+mcO 7)����Y�g�i�Dף���3+���N��bsz��χ�Ӗ�hd��aV��X�� ��1�`��bv�L�ƲF���2���B Eki}�����m/ ��>����/K�4)�t��LF&�B�$粂HrA�zu5��^}=Mm�����F8`RxRۋ�;M{>�7W1����I������ ���px'g `���x�;=E��3N��n��d�8������g!G�ao��\����� d����<� ���p9�q��Չ��tk�P��$��yB�s�:�=�l�r�V�'���ܶ < "�HU�6j1��O�8��u���"O �B��i٤�a�䜞N8�W�|[��Xj��I��x�M�YU��{�@3��M�����|Csm�_O���_(�{i+�����t�X�;���7����>n�ۏ\��� ������F[;�n# ��2�dw�Wk�L�h�D��J߷��U�,�{��A���Y2Ac�I+�F����@ �Oa@�����?� �%�����mQ�y���)��=hi�4�T�n� ;��-���A��61�u\�g�t��^D�==H?�5�8F�E�$��]�shb�ZE�Eݭ�=���61�����5�n�S¶-Iz�����O��k��^�&I�ˡ�yl%7�Ws����Xx�G�B4�U)�Q��[�����z�w�is���W��&�7v��;�*;�k{�I-n�Y`�mtn��~��?�}�fY�PHU�p��*O�\�y����x�Y�b��?��|yS)!�8���c9��G�����g��N����Akc�%��NI�I䟯��Z�l|;�fec3�+x�8`d��@Dž0���w������|A&���a��ix����, ��''��]����uۭ^�Or�] ��I�#������CQ]Ad����ֲ�f��{zc�4��i/m�.�mn�}Q�bc$�����L.����i�|@�2��&�C�2�c�����C�xkO�'��4�R�|�� ���Q�������Z����Y"�� $ �3�A���@�_h��i��De�G$y>R�'��g��y��/u�����]�K<��Ǚ�;S�lu�u�+��|%��S}��9%� 4����y<�i� ���__�Ҵ��]̄�$��'�z ����G�T��^ؒ�ݬW?{n98=���]v�Ã������"H�%B���BN2HI��<�<ֶ���h6:��2�Ɋ17@��i?�+G�t���Ѩ_���Hv���q��v�ַ�?�x}n��L�̏����2}��T5_����ݸ� \�O!�}H ��� X���,��^5Jc9B��Ѱ9��I���Z��������Ӵ�l�c#�<�6]�s�A�ғN�������P�Z�혹v.[q �8's�P��?�?���d�A�Yzއc��,��C�%B����@_�O�G�b.�F� ��H�8�����6�G�{�薭h��q��.�����t �N��'����,���DX��ƥ�$,l*�/���72�:-��d�st6��=s����y�Cw� �GU�D5/1�p... ���z���UU��r�Ce� �+���G��١n*�C{,9CA()�����)�R�ƫ�o@�����4:��3R���YZ�u�{ܻԉ���U�5� w�k����2����t�Jw�d����T��;��\a�'�mwq�����ž�3�#'����y�>��4��P�+��m�������2K�ꌅ�H���c�Ł��)K��6��P�(���9�zܳ8�������|��_��x`��߬���I���hB9%~"Y�b���N,���QΪ��(3l��@Ю/��J�g�����;U�*�Y4CW�QH�yd ��J�M/\��}u,Q�ky��<�B�}S����}�bI@��*;���J���%7��Y ʀZM�k�������Nj?g�R���$yG³#*�<�z�~7�� ���hr��?n��c��=_8"�[as� I�'w�� �Ӷ����P��+;ZIP˧ Ȩ&�Œ��r�r��0��{s���@+����h��Q�� ���,:��z;�N8�C(m����B����^G}Z��a{�pƐ)̼.hS�f�7H�F"�&2 �GT�=l�pT��(50r�E��i�։f����䇞���#�7$cU���zB�!�x�5�VQ�����;۹�����?�[�8v��y�k�MD����5�D�G�If����Z������~l�{_���h��S��+m"/p��l��h�����~b�b*������ vs��&:T�AW�/�2�c�W��]���A���ݡ<�omC�4�7���}�0��Fˇ����a]X�vW�%��o}s�E��PN�3Z{��t!�4~� ^��ʖ�h��Th��Vc$ZSϙ�,� ���V)@3�$����s��h �焟��L&,V�u����H,U>��#��1���Y����ϒ�Jv��Z��,�(�X[�zz�L�hC�K�E\����Үt�<�q�Tw��@���`#&���s/7�V�9��9����v3%�5^A @B?��bT�w��t��R%-����Q��� lQe�&��e�\��)[X�j��K^�Χ���v ѧ}�"�L"К1��kl�*��G^�4����, [�O����&[<��8�����D��H�u�1K��F �(t�'1)���GE_#+��کj,�ȇ�F� ��ܢ+��֏�:==�~c�O��)��o�V����#9D�q0�X`W����9n27������aET0ш�s�X�kU���'p�v��V{�؊�#PL�� ߕ��P�uYv�l�p_��b�Aq]�b�Q����l��2�6�Xyjɏ�ҕy��t�L���a��k��� .�|�0L�����a/ ��}8�-�� B��j�p`&/��< ���o���%!�a�8P&?�`�Nh�KI�&���}$-�J~#Cb���?��d���y��Du�st���]����f�RQ:�(IJ�W��wfH� �]����de����v�� �Z�+N)V����R���4gR7m^��[{^m���T�O�D��\���h���=NU�b��|�.-�J�Cp��Ad���i�&혙� �m�j,H|'~>��{����h�i��l��{ߦ��i�ȗ�e ����M�nL��U|��Hu��pI�&�]H=2eP�HA&3�b�,@v<���c�$$F∵P�_ ����nT��Uҏ�Ls2\�d��y�1sl�֨..aP_PRV�"�y��2�+Xw@�27l��13���,�8�w'�K��ݜ��8֖N7���e �.� b� ���M�1��"�N��}����... �\��CCq��2���Ar�y'�"���Џa���\�\Ӏ<��d�{0����t^xX�ċ3/�`&����s�43�3 �8d���?���2�k���xo��K,��h��+���Ʒ�yLY��YH ��3·' GT6�q�J��Yԓ�%y��a��F;�����]���O�߶���"�f�=> �L ����+�rx���f�f�`��J�@����+���X=�ς��b����9Z�#:>��d ��D>�că@`Տ�G���n��b�-�� �W'B���.����%c� Y�!!$GQ� � �o�M���~5�'�E��4��iV`��� �d�G�9d�� ��?L�4A��q^�y8w���)�S�:M����W��\���DL��=�o�t�A��� ��ݞ%���UT�E�n�8-�V 7z%[�WD:EY� ��sD�2�Α�eL�DH�������X'��<�'>��ӈ��9C�{x��2c*O� 6��U+���%:mC�Ǯc�GG{��� �J�Ԭr�4�����SN�A� ּ�-=���6kJO�X�>5�������l Qa\v5�ġ�\/�I�� �;��Nd-�,�P��}ù�gă8)c����1��~On< �F�Ć$wv�����atAX��k�Q�x`�ŧ����ě���Ǜ]�m'��*�����H�U� �FS>w���mV@� E,� a�z{$�g|�ʰ#�@�n��� �f'�T/�|��Ω�j�#G�������q�)E��K ÚFv�j�.7�qo�a�:�K��j"q��r91�q}Fߴ@@�$��Z7'�ܤ��)"�� ��VT���d�)��BhB|ݱ?s��!HI���Z(��r�;(X\���7"�&Gǒ C��SNB��$¢ש�i�6-�(����]Y��Ziq@ܺӜ��C]��T��ʜ�N����L��%���`ƒ���c3OI�n���m���m�o�%�mq*k�ύ�҆��&2�'�⇔=+�P9����`H�H?Z��%��f?*D��MŎ�ٱ:�pA��bǦeO(u)��˼4ID+mq߷��u|m7H���P �5^pXv}jb" ���ك��{M�a�ٮ�ِ���ұ��L���":@W��� �j$V���I�^S`�Y�Gr��So=Sup��|��v ]�"5K����30רh�}qN;3/����=$9.Д��/?ye\��u�Rd,t�8�_ZM����Y�P�s�y��I���_|&*��#(�I�D`_��A��)p�!�啣�L}֎}��/��&��q���v F�Q�... �#�� *K������4�P)�ܰ�J��s^>,,~y\Ru���j�L���CV�J�p6�촓��a��xS4����2:*q'�a�A3��H���b�����t#㷮\\�D����駖9��u��M����?E��5ܗ���D90�"��[UdA�� �~�[� �|�i �bao�3*�_ ��a����4��B��}9q��^�6(�:b3eu� X0}�P��,�j��'Ef�o�� ������~�D����WZ�$��/t�-B���_�� =Ιבk0� �!R���W�5�)D��Ne�~�W��� H4%��3э����A�� #0��fь�D�,c/9��KG�̈���E�:�4v���cf��b� �?�� ��3m�r=_9� 6����}�c�����[��������9o?���:||��@�;|�9����Ke}����Ë�4��i��p_Q���:6��L��~�[]0ue}�Nr�:�X�����[U�k�G��HU�2��qd�<���jY��3Ji�K �L��b����R���l�o����H�!�]�/�����]/���.]�_�.=��z|������o@��i�`�gZܞ%��a�/���m��ڷ�:s�ʯD��n����2�z���f(�.�' �?�@_B�I��P%��� ��w�K���ɬ݆ �B:~مl6b�j�G�S����)~P��"CN ~���v}�ey{��@3�1?�����y��e8ຫ�$�^-��e(Q��Č%�c�H2�C)�B��l���{W�R����i��U �J�h� ^i0H�ɾ{�wH����2�|ʕ��]W��|��b�'c���w�3�a(��]${��i�$�$���ph�o�^Ʃ� =O��Bo�l�ʋZ�q'�)�йfC�Ʀ��Kȳ���Y?Uz� ��P�*1G��}��q^�.�/����h�L>�5������\�˫bs'��sS �~΄�(Ԗ�8���ys���|��. [��� {(bj�����E�b 1q�f`7}8^�!�����5�B����|3�*�� �~��s*~�|��K�ř�:���P-hiEA�]�\]�ie�1�Śl2Z2�A��R\mz��ݻv�?5�p� endstream endobj 41 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.44 841.68] /Contents 42 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 5>> endobj 42 0 obj <> stream x��]Y��F�~o��/#��*�`DzJ���3ג�]�~���$3�MB���ӿ��%"�Lh�l�]$�r�D�Y��y��n�]����߿zݶIzȶ�^�W����?��W?%��Lڼ*_}�Z|��,�f�ݝ���[㷗/l���EQ���Ǿ�yF� +��:{����o�_�x�A�;���� �m��a��P�O��o�acO�"�뇗/�c�Zmn�.���4�Yuu� ����4��n���->>��X,��m\������Ӎo ]dk��=��ᛧf�_���/_�������u����� ��n �c/�g�Z�L�� �EV��t�.�]�Y�do�-�0�S���=GV8�3��b�X��w�V4������ŮL�b�+�ŶX�k���pn�~�ܠX�S�X�4G��.߹������,g�;R2�b�a��3���)������f�ڛ�m��f�PU풚�w"��... ���zʎ���]ؔK�F�� �Yd� {0��e�N�� "����[pk�/� ]�R�XV�|o��cO,�N� h�^�u5�8�XY#��)7-2��8�Xk~����|����Z^����{w�?}����-M/��3Ö��hP&x���_��~�L��C#2m�zpy �f�( �N�������a��We�����K�&�(�"n�/�g6(£���!�����t��/�t�z&�˯/��hnF�_}r��~}���|�S�tc�'j�>��/(�j�+��0ʣ����\���%#7��x˫k�!�?=L\a'�q$�t_K� K}H0���t<N_�*8��nҘ� @|������J���c2�SQ2Di�G� b�k@#��Q ���bw<�bWg.2}�O����{����h��=ʨe�{ /WD1�g�}�-�Kd��ql�xO�7qlK��4�c��|=�Lw��Թ�gl���?k������@��YS����۳�S2]����E%#�*t1Ou~L8d���c����5�G`��&= ����/9�q�� ek$������[���?+D��U4Ǯ�i�5�V endstream endobj 43 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.44 841.68] /Contents 44 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 6>> endobj 44 0...
bշl��aX�aU ����}�Z�K;���xp�/�yt�'�LJ�� ��l��<� �(���f��b*L�$�� +r�%i�j'�+����&���(Z"��+ ��! |UC�W�P�_QE�^���v�%C�50�"��V���Im3�߯$Ũ�l�7%�������ئ��Ұ�.u���8&�t��y�l�*������s�mFN����9�&����0b�*j@�7U>�]��b��I:�Ѕ �G��ט$\B^ ��ٱ/2IgĘ�Z�X����A"%{��S���F�F�<��y}xU!r�>��/6��ΩKJ ��u��x��>�h��zG>��5*�!)=WJ����� A���nbL��$�M��� ) �Q R3߱�t搎)�FP�̘�H�%�&v��GC���E��A���f-j{�ա��*M*+ �F�O�o�BN�8Oߙꋰ���iz�����H�6v�1}�dR���C�� �X�h�M�1F�LϺ!E�"��Tfj �R7 P\�N-5�F�3��I]�Ŝ�4��*5�(ga�Ѽߑy�>sP�m�`۩�4�� �����ʉ������Ϡ�]�J��-�.ܓ�l��B[�u|I���L��Y 'u�E���8i}���^M�BW���C�j�o�`�4�x�/�S�S6�ű:�q{�Н�`K���� X�xʉBԬf��Bo�[����i-�Ȇ��>�qDk��O2?"Ī�:ݬѣX'���\��V^ċ�FT}C+-��J�0đ%�VI2ْTɺ��˻����=�2��gQ`�����A���$ؒ�豁7�jveM 0X��c��� 5m������]��.�U�R�|ÿ,0��V���{�CW^���y ^���ﰄ� �#��T[6 Ӷ�e@�ys(�ElOVD���u�����T�q��R�D�{��\2H��2�ܿ�o�rFh������?��(�p��i#v;{�[�H�4 ��X���)���L��j㊚�u)�&<������<�_^�ј3�L ���d�H endstream endobj 45 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.44 841.68] /Contents... �C��NHu�0Xn!��{ڥ���vY��]��MY5Y��/qk�5��^\#:>ZԘ y����6;p�����>3i���<�Q\l(� �meS�]���NJ�`�j���Ǣ�V/�tm��S*�e���x�!�F��w��t�W�� �'���l��8 �쾲T�q�Xaμ��Nd]����y��6S���K<�Gen�67f�z�Z_�o�2�ưNE ��=V� ����vK#�V]ʹ�s� �l �"�n��`çݱ��ϔq�i7�X/��A�q��.e��¾.T�p�(l����%j�� ����%l�q@W�槏�����SxV۾�}ed�� �T���=�ӄE�#�a�����C ���c� �]�d89�x��88�[��7���}���a�E`'(���XC0^�kč�fMw�+���62��n�����ʋ̇�B�Z]p���V�'�މ34��C`-܁�i'ȌǍ��{;\�کk�$i�m�D���$2�y>-�L|����EBWL6��@�JN���ףA�����0�L�$��\�0���QIc�<����kW�i��^�M$R՚�T���� � ���^0���h��(�N�Xi��5M U�7��`G��y���{w�^�X��A�>�2��éW�� P���(P��:��{��8�Q�:һ}<x��)� �CI�m�������&�C������Z�49�[/�� I,�F���{�8�!׀}���:1E����.�t~�ugA����M+0k�(�"��:$�����,�V��둴��O+O�k��R4��g_�����Fz�p�G�6Y_�EӮ�"G�)����fC�Fc؈��ITCb���Ǹ�4� �i��$"���KsD��8.�}H\���F���!��� ���˶����7�7�C̭���,l{�uP(&��X$ �'�����0��.IH�W���_�dF endstream endobj 47 0 obj <> stream ����JFIF����C $.'... �[Y�k��F��3���o��� k����t� \��`Ӗ��̑d`B�����s"[|��q�e�,p �k�U���+} s�%�N�⦊MF)x�x_c���<1�� =�Y\������̡�8��Z�~}����٪��.#���oi��!k�� g8�}Cʻ�xOO�6p�l�͓�`�<��sQx��Z7��6�"u��b;�[l����@ ��k�x;S{�U^kw�$'�fR����X�4����賩W�%�)�8�1Ie�C��;����K�9H�f��k�x��cd)���<�����������T?�������U�xc�>��O��w��2�3m��8��V��P[C~���槒�}�����tR�!I'(U �G@1N������Y�������+�"��>���U�.XxcF�-lt� 85�;�TX�#��#��Y�_�꺬���}ԧ2���C���Ҙ� �9&��R5㼒,�]A��$�zb�4#�C�g�v?�R|_�KK� k� A���\�da��]���; sX�u;��Y�����Rr�9��Zz��i��Ke}�o*�tn��@ o�Z]إ�����(a�� � �>3k7����0��m�+v?��$r�]CT�96�|!���ɫ�,�J�|���U3�ր:Z�>"��> ��m���C��q��d���=�oi�+���r#�}ꐸUc�s@�>���Oi⋝4] ���O���q�����Z#kW^#�S�O"DI�F�{u�+ڑ4TQ�P��/m!�����wC:�{��ư����$ ����) ?0k'���C�����k�������-��{9�g�u,��g�^����`�<>cI��3d�=�� ��7R�����7����I��t\�����Ώ��<�2_mڪ� h1�3��1��[Ax��8�P����5��麇����ơ���W�b��u��sϡ�5���� i�,Ӓ�Q�Di �Z ��H4�x�A�|R�ֿs�زy/'d9`I��צ�im`���D�ȅ̥��c9�Q�<7�j�i�osn�<�� ��>��Z|#�`�<��J��6���?���Ƞ O�W��x��0��G�f�.�:xs�n��SS]�H�����}Ewz�4�_�^X�ް2#�*����/�|!�x��#Ԡo2?�sD�]>����ZŦ���˩QTBʊO.�`�ɮ[��5�� �)_�K$���O��G�%�r�^�:�q��7|��9��ʎ 3H�&�UҀ<��ίk�ƕ,��?�������V���^������@�w�$qDX�A'�~dW-���zg�4-Qo�D�+�b��������G�]�隚j7]�71��n������s�Oa�m�dS�ǥ���6ܑ�S�\����&�ެ7 ���i$i4M�e#�j���Cᷙ�]J�\��os��&�3>7���+��?��_��|����R��T���8'����;N�.�g��Ir��8x�No$��+~H�X�928*�FA�ax7X�ּ)��[ʍ��E�e}:W ���E�A��a2鸒wC��1b3��5�u��D{�&���4�� �g�t�v��H�]:3I��y[t���8��7�7���������SO�����=�˧���"`9��9�=+v�<�����/�������kD𦟠�z�������Q#�<` u���.��9������ŭ*���Ee... �M���4�Ge'�9��y��>��j�|3��Rj��Ks �O"�W<7�-#¶��V��&��;�O�V�q�|�@�������u�kO�Ɗ�����P���1� =MkW?�i�/���Q��#�O1|� I�9�4��{H����/��K����ȷ =H��J��h�ڌ��J��ud� ���kk�~�|1|�vwz��:l+s0u>�G4��JV�|w�2��D�����LߕzMƫem�>�%�_dX��7p�F3֍WI����l5ky̧������tM�Q�$�S�jӍ�N�G� ��s�!� ���X�xI�`V��¶u���F��\j7W��KpAt�p�0�m>����=��WE�[��%z&A�^Y�/���m.(����n��½ �:V��w�-a���T{u�q��*�QEQEQEQE��2N)j��F��Wr��b� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� L��<�R�p��۾, ���X��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(�< Zd��\1��rh��dR�V�E�AN�0q�b���(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(���KU�g�,�0c�c��PEPEPEPEPEPEPH@e �<Z(+E�����f�K��:M'� ��18�Z(��I��֖��M>��/� t8b�(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��� ��� �Sm(vڥH'(\料<�������EPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPdg�KU�n�%��6ю�3V(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(�;�5�"����.?�Z�J�_�(��R��e�D��(��(��( ]�Q��m��}s�OPZ2�$��ی�O@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@��y��Wr��ȫ�U�,����>⧠�(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��>��7�另2jz� ���o�僻=�x� QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE�q���i�)���# )������x�gn����*Z�ܩ����R����K@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@����}۷n;q�V*�̢{pS,X���PEPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPU�������͟\ �U�e2�0C����P�(�� (�� (�� (�� (��... h0���,�� ��X:N�Lb��V q�� ЦI����8��:�{Ʌ�^���2`�\�݄�U��?�~T�#���r{⥩m��&��?*0=)h�q�KE��Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@JdB;K�v�OPJ$3BW!C���O@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@A��0|������" &/���^{`P�QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE�ż�1�8�KQN��#?9S���&5'�i��ϖ���f�@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@R�;V��=Ah�����onq�S�EPEPE&G��������_�� �u c���Yw>2��|�n�q�M��Ɣ���sv��˟�� ����O�\��� ȹ���3�5���s��������h?�\���J�G��a/���?�\��,�_��Ux?�_�����f��j��OX�աs�� +ǿ�(��|?�|3�zy�ͅd��~9���Ϻq�5?���:�_?�#�r;�B�,?:���@~%_����|�����Zx�/���K����q�lhXJ ⬾I��}�M�Ԭ#�l�������� �x^��~�b���¸��Q� h�S���2\�Jض�3���a,���N�Њ=�;ͿE�ayv,\�\�U�A��H�v�B�.~:�V#�b�'�r�Et�� �m���l�H���Y��oh�c�]�8�� ?��ρ[FO�{ǚ���� j�O���w��?����z��\Kxc$H�E��v�����G�l9_s���~/�Ǿ�kl���~oG�O�K���͍���6��!�u�8��� |4�_��g�·������&@z�L����%,�u��� �|w�ɯ^����-QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEA2����dBZ�r�����_xo�~0� ��R}�G�� M��Џ^;����]��e�� (8U}ϩ������FS���FG�<��b�/�t���>f�]&(��i��#X�EY"��[pCq�OJ��Ȫn�b�`zU����(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(���qgg��]�zy��t�.
��̷�9�=6 ?1@QT�5]>�_*���1��̪q�&��S����k}m;���J�@��4r�(��(��(��(��(��(��(�����(�����q�ݯF�8�7 E�5K�s�4�D=N:��$B �y��b�4�G4�� F��(��Ln��j����ɋn�)6�8�1A�"�Ш�6�(L�:������ߊ>>����������3oe�ģ����נ4163 �⼻���]z mKFI,��n��"A���]�dh�_�&w����7�Ěn��ٻӝ�{����T��W��|d��K�s�e� ��X�����0���:eGc-�ƅ�J�_17m�3@� �u$u��c߿�]������#@ORP��C��\<��w�=sH!�A$�h�"۴D�OQ�b��@���|�d@.�=9��b*�M���1Ja��4 tʎ(L� �>���M�w��L�cc�Ƅ����ʏ~�-wz��!8��f�Y!7�U��1���d��Չ�'� *��h�� pFO� bc;����Lgz��4�L[v��i�6�Q�ŷo��GA�b�ȃ��zd�d@p]A�4� L1�`��S Lw4hH�J����n����N�?ZO*=�������4bV�#@ORP�P��S����G����� �%�g�sI����6��h�;�Ln��D���'�ݾZm��R"`�2��q��u�G�����3Ha��LjH�J�<�����w���(� `:��4 ��S���bV�#@ǩ 3@�%,H20p��_56��Nh���=sM���6��h���b۷�M��b�Ȁ]pz�&�1pSߜb�a�� h@� �)�E���F�t�<^DJ�>��'�b�!8��f��8Z�X���9zԂ��c�(�(�p�q��11����C�$8Q����S�m����v�Ǯh2 �PNz�y1m����h�!�"1��*8�Q�SG����]ޙ�0��� �y1��c]����(� `:��4 �u8�� �5m�4 ��1.q �(��Ln�Nh��� � �Dh�F '�ݾRm�q�b�d@.��4uu�Ha���$ tGblf48�P���iu���[hu-�O*2��k����Cm�5 ��Q"���<�... 1h0��~s�Q�\yy�~q����P���)��9!J��i���R R��gO�Ԓ�f&�2�%Ǚ�{t� 1��\t��>��l 1�>b�����v�W�����1@�U�� 0hF8;��P�\m�(`8�Ҁ,QUėY>B�� ���.6))by_3���EWi.]�)��2t?�+<�@)ݷ�LP�T��v�W�������,��Upw�?�OEWY. �h0(g?� .<�|�ߞ����,QU̗Z���+�t�(y.���6d��@(��¥{����(�?���_/?{?�(z*yː�(\���H�\b�*�>P9�(�'��$��6����X�,�tE����lN1�{T��<�"-�W����,QU�K��VbG� ����Y�¥x�/�~�=����J�y�����B���hW����@�U�K���R�����K�,��� �u�q@(��K�,��+���K��VbG� ���@(�����%�ҍ���|��������OE@�9r �~s�R$�6�H(���b��$�1�`P��|ο�(2\y`�~y_3��b��|����|�w�槠�(��(��*�����:eΡv�`����z �Ey����m����O���2�н���u������>2�ՒkÖ�6eX���o お�(��(��(���>7��� Z�%�ڐ5��B�(�x@:���x���U����YgY5-n��#71�R{פ�@o�;{��:W�-�溴���Hs�d�� �+7[�W�v���5��������XJ"��=O_νj�A������������k�+�� ȣ}�aK����=�(��(�����j��$(_��֬T��.0w0�3S�EPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP{� J�����=Cr̰�N���*z(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��* ��̛F|�ww�x����Ҙ�|�s��4=Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@2RNq�)8���%$D�u�nC[��B���;qR�P�F�0�#�R�EPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPy� �A����T� �U�c���T�QEQERR�PQ�,p��H�cE,�z:��Kx�[���jZ��gss�X��206��r<�=�Y�E�ʷ2��r�[�ީ�O�W���B���Dz�&�e�\j�&��i ���2}��N(��QQ��0�vB�EEQ@Q@Q@C��M�;w������U�Y��|�zp(z(�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� �}�g�����n=jZ��Y��U8b��zg�]�{4�d|F��@��EPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPy�i�n|�6��=A"�����T6Fz�����(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(�?���t�_���ݒ>q��[�˧�K���ؚ���b�1����1�{�@���'�f�A��ծJ���`��x\e8�>�� R�ƟS^���iZu�[��B�wc�g��W��֛}'�w� Vy��b�dV��|i��ǦC�ON�c0�k.5�j�(��(��(��(��(��+�� ȣ}�aK����������7�����h�(��(��(���j�a 8o��G֬U{P�#��7�$w�X��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(� �j �/'�*�Av�� �y�EO@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@W >�ϼg�o~���U�O�1�|�,dc�d��(�� (��... ̪�dl�Z]��ۼ����6s��&����m��ݎz�(T�9-2���j$K�p���1��`��\����<� �_<7����;�,:��-���f�,QU�;��uR�Ly��J�9pVuU� �s���T;'�y����l���"���i������@�P,w6�Չ)��Gp#`g]���_O�4b����y` �6ym��������C�s���T ��'U^2 g?�r^+�տ�g6����mQz�q��je%vD�+��ɯ3��h�l`gRǡ��������3�:pjz�"]�����s���=3�R�w,�u&>��X��d���:�9L�����]�e �ݟ�4=Iĥ���8]��4,w��ղ8�1����Uq�F :�?t�}?Z<��+z������� Us�E :������:\�'U��1�'X��d�˸L�<�ݟ�4�K�� v]��4=�p7n�[#�G�ΐGp��K�|���X���wV<�ߟ����42\P'Pé���� T �n��p9�g'�s.D�'�v\��,ZY�P6���� w��~��<�P-י7�0+�'ɎÞ�r����`өc�NΟ�4yw^<�ߟ����4b����� �0�|���hx�ݳ��s��O�@(�'�C,���g��'�w�ǟ����4=���Ձ����;�� �X�ӳ��@(��]Ǘ�=w��y}����pQ@�C������*��pB�T��f<��t����Y�'�v\��T&�w�L�ݜ�y���ua�Lc�� ���F :�?t��?Zw^<�ߟ����3@*+�)o# Hu��<�u -���3L�K� �����O�@��I�>���%L��R���P�yی�c����s@�P$s�b� pc�X��iԒ>R�y� UqǖG�����v�f���u -���3@(��� �uR9N��╒s +2��?�hz* �yۼ����6s��I�1iՆ81�ր'���wX4�ď��x���;�,�=w���}3@(��;�-@������Lw��w5uݞ[��?:�EWh� ���H11�'�t��+2��S9�hz* �yۼ����l��� ��%�V\ ���@�U�;��ubG�Dx���.<� �<7����X��)q�'P�弾��hd�*�gU |�ǜ��=$��Y�W�����Fɼ��r�y��9��@�P*N��J��i;���ubG�Dx��@(��;�u-�gO�4�<��<���L��* �~������>���O@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@�u�cI.�����9XHb�c�g... ����=�;�����㨢����'�b�~t��� �����t{H������ttW:�_��l��f� v�u���Ϳ��4���X��F&\t�S�xl��j��������xj����z��nj|:zk6_��Ɯ<]���W�����4���_W����6�a���m?����8x�D=5;_����G4{��U�W��VP�&�zj6����8x�I?������h�]����Vi�Y�^��K���)��Zi�}��s.��U?���#W����C�}�w����u��)� �O�n��iY���_�Х�д�����E�{9�,��o�Z��x��K��o����(�Iv'��>�o�=����j��z���Eй%ؖ��TK9V�/��p+�����g�{X�ѻ9�n�c�Z�S� �3�����O���X�N�������E?kN7G��Y�V����ix�ci�Y n�܀q���6?��[&�����D�S<�����b}:.+1�S<����ty����酘�)�b}:<����t��)�by:<����t��)�bx~ty�����c�������ѽ�?:�u�1�?:7����@Y��nB����j�9>�T�����3m.���9���,�#�V��`b�Q�'��#ɧo_��E7z��Ηp� ��I�z�7/����p�������p�n���M�֍�ր�M�֍��P�I�z�2=hh�ȣ"� �!�����WzU��!O�A�v�6�t����RdQ�@ E&is@Q@ E�{�Z��Ŝ�td�F����88�S�~'cjj��-(�����4O��>��ŧZ-��@J�L}k���J�jhK��lŢ�*���(��(����g��,����s@�I��\���������[�����I� �?ٶ|�bYn�}�x�t�QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE����ސW��Ӹ��=����� ȣ}�aK����;�m���� ������$)���1q�����ӌPE���G���*z(.ƌq�T��;�>���I1���� x�a���]�b�^ѼE,Rj��;D ��@� @����-"*s�f�������\�31a��[>����V��[4�;!S3�X�O�U{���H�c�Z9��r0�������������χ�8��;���m���!N(�Ǘ��ߞ�N1SR�Y�@E���G���ӊ\|�Z>��OZ������V�gpA�M��~^z`榢� Qq����8\mm�� jz( \y|�{���q���0���J�:�����k�8��������������� �ܖ���L�(�q��F8�5=�������8S@_ޏ~x;N1S�@��յ]�[�<u�S2�av�y�͕=h�}��(o�F�=B�>���sF&�rZ?/=6���P ��;�21�Ы>��і�˅5=ۏ,����)�(+q�a�ߞNӏ�S�@2�av�y�͕42ϼmh��ʜ��P;f�s���M�4��n;�dc�)��g�ۚ,��M�� �[���q��Er�I� 4[���qC$�]�,㜩�V(�.@�6�Ƿ�T捒��b���i�OEr�]�q��`�U��n�"�<�C>���v���ɴ�v9�x��wcDr�90��/��1���?)�*��Y��j��6R��B�o��+�X��e%�ޑy~�y�a}�p�o`���Z,̪�I��!'a*�����]ͣyJ�F�/L�V�Y1��.�@>O��+�㏗��M��M�/K�C:�Sf�?(��h�e=8�d�F�o��O�ԕ�M��a�+p8�R�`�\�Pyy鳚�IZ���r����;��+���lxm�[�1zТ� ���f�eñ�[ږ�|�)�nc��[M���\b�����Ϲ��5�Uŝ����"�>�f����$G5�Q�q��'�T֧vdš�H���������=iG�t��u���pC5��o` �8��)r����?����; ��Ȝq�GZo�"�f�ݧ�n�F+r�9c�=�_�f �c��u���|�1Mo�%Wm����"� Z\��?�V�g����7F,6�v8�9�u�> �̙�ʱٞ�H�ttQ����o�y��;�m&�g��f��оm�U�O�c��1IG${֫�;��[�-c�Yn�D|Rh?��o�'a�+����ð����w���|>� .�2�7����_�߇�]�m��;�ƺ�){8v�q���?|:d��l;=2��t���Å��>-��w��Ɗ=�;��O��y��~;��GӌH�Ι� ��e[u���d���]�{(v������O�~C}��v#>|���<�-��Q�̆�|�?���m���A��d��Tأ�C���1_���o�~��j��3?���~�Ż�����5��K�ð��q_���O���ɷ�����?�Sh�e���E������vy��*] �p=�!���z&�����O��zQ�a�?��_��:?t\ Or��7���]]�?�?½"�=�;��+�����������R�s��x�y½*�=�;��+��4��=�������Q� �O������?½*�=�;�O���¢������?��mV����^�E/a����7�y��*XM^�����<}�����I��aO�jb���G�x��b+<��]4�����?Ƹ�6�.ė9��å}K=���<�RM�7�8���$��ۍ�������`��t�k... X�V//r���u�6.�]�� �:T�{%ݏ�B_���t��"mڤEs��O��Bi��m�S��N0S�.�"�=�����$~�Ϳ��$y�҇��\�3�~�{�X �û��?�]zM{/6_���w����6_ŷ?6L|�o��m�J�^ų�ǟ��"�=��������#�7�Ů�1じ���W��.�~/��Ǟ�aV{'?�k���]�9�����S�3M3�v�2��n�+�ҳ��O+Ω��R &�ʳ<�ᩋ�[0���> �ͷ��Gy� �L�W�0���`>���]Sźޕ�\[j���ɹ�`��Q�s�X�N����Ƕ~(ִӥX��:Y�������͎�A@�EPEPEPEPEPEPEPEP^w�k�E�� \�����Q�������@�EPEPE��Cldh��9�ݱ�x��Ú�:�%�P�q,'�9G*z��@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@\�X�����5=dx�X�B�E��R�|Q~� ��(�Gְ�@ EPEPEPEPEPEPEPEPP�l+�,��zwɩ�u�[��蘗�K%�'f�쾽x�� �(�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� d������qO����X�Wrn� -#m� �%��A�Pn�*Z��_G�h��[���x�]���(<��W���(��(��(��(��(��(��(��( L�hB����ǵOX�����h�2 K���ǰ d!o���{��QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQE,�I���7��l ���fOQ�-b��1���/=9�� �(�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� �ష��>p�o�Z��5��Q��1�@�>lO�h�dƤ���>��\-Ս��n�,j�w\�j�QEQEQEQEQEQEQEQEA!�\�|�6�>����Y��ĚN��_6�&d�ߐ)9�ߎ+b� (��...
�Zη�w�� #p9����4Y��?�k�jń�~�`,��ʼ��p{�?�t~8����D�A�o�5����_0�63G�O�&��z��h��a���Yom��{v��vʜ`�U>jVxC�K�f��0��\`�~\�9�̞��e�Z���2Z}�2�f�\��z��ڦ���F�6�����5��(�I� S���[������k��Mb�L����x݂x���~:����'��DVЌ�ܞ�z�^u����Z�~+�5ݬ6��cθ�v��yc@ �-Υ������o�� v���1p�Wmo�M4x*?�h��mDG��߽��9����sx�������l����'��jH>!�_��&�څ�u� `2 �M�so\���Q0�>�e���G �l� ���uZ�Ѵ� �>������������s_ m��Cu�0�Y7���q�X�g��u�mw��io�[�m<1e'�5��*�ۏ�q����נ o�_m��-��1�5�J�D|��>���:t_��.�:,����Mq+����}����i2Z�=ͭ��<2���& �1�ָ/������Y4=Z� ;�*i"�)�v��=G?�/�Th�|]��q��$K��u ��G�^�^i���m���>)��\ʶ��G���H��^�@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@��_ �W�}����Ni98�ޙa� �w�����\�ۣ�weO�]-KR�t�b���V��@NvJ�����?��mt�6 @�|Ƽ����Z(�卮�k%��w� 4r(`k;H𦃠���ZU���0Ή�=2kj��X��'�h�H�dq��Њð�O�t��{e�ZCrVENT����+��� (�� (�� (�� (�� (��"���䷝�"�u=<\��+нi���u�PV���#ñK�a�J��X����Pj����t.�="��qǘ����ַ(�-�`�������Ԏ5�Q���_����ڮ�ot��ZE�{ds[P[ :�K�KK X������R��1���N���]� +H�0�ֽ���:N� E�i�Z#}�)0[�z�Ң�(��(��(��(��+Z��)!�W�a�hA�3�ס��(���c��2���=�5�\[�wo%��I,2.��ЃR�@Z_��;�ݛ�;G���?���L��+CS�쵛 ,ut����~�#���P%� ���/Z���]-��6qZ[D��ā#�tUX��9��A�/������e��۷�c��:V��PEPEPEPEPEP-q���w2\\h6�M+w;���=jޏ���~�4�* K�C�<� ����Ee��5��=WN��'�����6��i�-���lᵀ�p �>�z���<��\�ƭ��w2.�y3�=85_O�����l4[h.b9I9S��IE`�� ��{��SI���hO1���Um~�F���m... x{�֪+NH� Ԛ�/o��ry�7�uo~: (�����ߍ��ܶ��e�Eu�s\ ��p�̽�a�E�q����CU��˽�/��Oe w�gj��kW�v������H �4���m��#ŗ�������o9�;Q�8$��g���T�+I�J���hH��+۸Q��v�N�G��=F�����<0e/۾�=� �N6�����]��h�]�6�}�"m:R#��!��"&^I2� W��f�PuaD er�X�1| S��]��݀{\ �9��5���D"�H}�I} �w�b7�}�*�9�*�_��Hi���p�iBu� �@Ĵ��y$��}��HL���nW�p���z s\��+��CX'��� ��\)�fy�x��s�}� ���I<%3?�t�)y��:�_�%��g��po��"a�sr��iror����5�"��3ڌ1�.�V� ��>��� @?5� ��{�-�;s��UH>��O�(�8l� �$��RH3�>���O5*D����`������.���I�쿮�e�!��þTSg$Zթ�� &�*�����Kԇ�vʕ�D/ ���\D�������kC��S����_���C�Hɦ>G������T�ɞX��DS� ��Q� k�'��(�uЕ�9�bq�jG ��\����_/����fB�����6&7�O�&z�� ���)�A|c20(�FF����G��z�)$�n�>Ik+�ĕi?_��� ٱ� #����,��t� S3��C�^��ء�#(k�ا�=Q�\�]ݣ�LDz~�^Q���ҾE�#&S3�O��ɫZ�RF��Zdš�jy��yN8˘I��p w�����)��yy����kw<��qx�t*'5�- a�>�\�7^�` �r<�����%�#w���Ԉ����EF���Yi���J퇼a����Oj��7�R�Eab{}�V���\�G)���3T��*����W��a3i�o(�����*x|��JxQ�VG=Veu�Ã�:<�H�E�E�FJ�H ���"��'jR�'`oTU@/��S#L~�Z��v�NRbj���Nt�y���1.��˓�TE= :��k���^X6���ĻF�/... ��i�U^H!�X �wF�fTZ�U��3M"Q����(��(�������UaEk 3�7��]$�_�p�v��)���(�~�3s�*|čuTEר��0!?���ɪ���T���v���e�����s���ׅk��HaܭL�R���%�a�D���W�sqY3�[�i�|��v�^+�Z�� 8� K-^�% r��(@��>WP3Lt�C$_�AU\o)PE�\;k[�������:S 鹉������J��p�Jwڝ�6�Hk�>�l@9J}r�U�t���(BgQɨ����� ������G���+�G�0o���bW8�1}0Co��"��� �ԠW��z�T;@�2�=��� )�/g�{��N �'����u��^@+codbp�:�/�&B�C ggݱ+F�nJ@1|� 2r\�@c�Uʫ�)������,|Z�`Ϧ� i�$5 Q����iJ+*� qg��,OLx���9�O��ϯ�:d��QŬ�p#Y��0��y�դCE�џ6�{.]��LQ�n�N�ȡTM����H�JM}����A���N���T#EI���h�G��J���ҟ���f�t.C`��~2�'T ����9լ���i���V�G����D9Nr���)H;���e�Au�� �N�������d��x�;nb�ܗ�Z�D�� Վ�ջ� �/d��^����~��y����.��c-�Z����pʘD���'j� endstream endobj 50 0 obj <> stream ����JFIF����C $.' ",#(7),01444'9=82<.342��C ... �ˇ�t�[��y#�>�����ZY�&�5���[[��A��\��9f�����!�h��V ��z��H3Oҭ-���D7~}k����#����fZ����w҅캬�L���J��vu�k��aos����&����R�xg$�!��gu�� �^���[�r�� ����kj(��%�$X�Q�U{ �O �i�g�q�+��Ή/�<�i��3��z��`?c�ht� {��ᲂ;��%�c�{������> �<������:��g[�tR�xݹ�$���-5�I�ZXiɥM+�����H�p=koSI��U�ğ�x��ϭ;M�ދ���;K���� ������/��s��-zc}��U[�.��� ��8&���$���ҭ�<���������o�X~M�^%�4O��g�ͳ���:����A�]���4��,,�Y{�c �N:�5 +Oՠ�u (.��F�rW���{( �6� �݆�c�(57��?�>�æ��0G4Q"m�C+`��k�� YL%���@r� L����n� c� ��<���!�z]�ֳ�[�SE3�`Tc��� j�\��q�G��%�w�R���>�k�$�_�e�7rhv-9;��'�+E4�:=C�A,m��g���}������X�������N�K������� n��S3� ��=��q�x��� ����Ӝ�J��@FS�n����Q�P�_�_9k�w���8l������xoQ��u�YI!9/�OԎ�{M�t�#�aoj���0�����d�����m�����-F�1��ۢ�`���?�zhP�Fv��G�~զ��I�=dh����h'M��q�[�i1�� ���m���$��`~������e�k��闐�ʫ�,��νM������;M��8�h��ǭ[�����{k�x��90?��?�~?���nL�!�������ݷ�b1�Lu�|����?r!]f��?�R��:E�0*Yc��2{U� 6�K��=��6��,R 2{�P�|6����_����=e��z^��w]���(���k���0O����ֺ]�����Y�� �g�0�!�$u�5_��Q����[>�2W�z��?��0�5/ K���%�]$���8����%������`��+j �0i�a�f-$ �^H*��}y���������m ~I�hٳێ���S�G��M#����O�_���3^�eek�Z%���V���dQ(U\���I��Ҭ.����� n��S3� ��=E\�:��������A5z�$i,m�e# �ڀ<����������... ���$�ƀ9/��P_hZu���,���UI����_�(l���V�u�Z����裹����=���t���3l��'o�n���[���b��$ȇo��#�4[Y湸�V�x�u�����z(�+#�SFu�����ɞzpk��<1��SI.�n�<���O$��&8���1��Iww�����Fo��>c���t�De ���I�i|5�Y�$��2#cL�G�鶚E�v61����.ό�O,I�MMum ��ַ��L��O�R0G�@w�Ğ0�<[��̷�-���0x�����������6DV��L���A�A�t{ NK 6�Aj��@Ź''�I5���+@I�K�[e�O2P����˥y����˟ ��x���l�-ųأ�>�q''=y��)%��_���3O���������Ș��v�ۑ��I�x/�ڝ�]�i����9=�]�g�R�sG�F]"M>`�v `q�~��j�Yx�©�� ��8�-V"�W�pzb����O�����f�K_�z�[ym��I-��!���NO��ZQivp��p���E�Y7�W��p(��j���M�r�\���Z��o+��J@�]F��8��r ݇�z�������yr�+��=N�v�ʯi�U��l��0�Q<�+.��f9'�{�7�Ѕ�j'EK��Q�<���ߖ��7 ��-b!�3��Et�n�g�Z}��&��7���I�j��tx���O��4�����U����zE��i ����L��m��ºH:�_�qz���{X�����P����-ʴ{fG s'A�>��Ϣ���U���7rF�� ��,��+7Þ ��+����#vf��������q��?3@�ƍg��Wգ���;YL'=ʑ����A�ψ��+\Y�Z��c!�$R@��Gc�].���X�Z��Ť�e�-ĉ�: +V���:��6�8O��,��f$�9�y�~Ht��H�jO�~����g���eh�$�Z����ʒ��J0PG�*���sZ���/���Pw1b�1���Vc�%]�r3����?��/�EO@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Z��4}x �t�{��eL��n��}Afm+K��v/|�zg�k�@o��=R��/�b�������gE� �+L��i8f�9#�=kZ��}ai�ZIk{mŻ��9T05GH�Ɖ�3���[Z;�3F��鞸�z(� �7�����������/���.����b�;�(�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� (�� JZJ��w5������%�kM6�}ʮ�&H�7#�4����E�S���?�W{\�o�uO� ��1@�Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@Q@%-%p�#9֥���U�Z�$��Թ�8�����4�{���X?�D(���Π��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��(��w�@v��/�kV��;� ;��5�_��ݡ�#�k�^�(���2... ���?ȏ�H���ς?�;�������ς?�;����������O�<���H���ς?�;�������ς?�;����������O�<���H���ς?�;�������ς?�;����������O�<���H���U�#�f}M���M(���`05���I���ʔQ��῞_���$}V>+xNF�>�I��ӏş���G�~d��k�*(�S���/����>�_��Q���H$��i�l�#����ߙ?���J�_�~�~K�� �ď��l�#����ߙ?��?�l�#����ߙ?���J��~����}bGտ�|�A���̟�M�|�A���̟�M|�E�~����}bGտ�|�A���̟�M�|�A���̟�M|�E�~����}bGտ�|�A���̟�M�|�A���̟�M|�E/�?
People Also Search
- The Role of Technology in Exacerbating or Alleviating Income ... - Medium
- Does the digital economy promote or inhibit income inequality?
- Bridging the digital divide: the impact of technological innovation on ...
- The Double-Edged Sword: How Technological Innovation Affects Income ...
- What are the effects of technological advancements on income inequality ...
- The Growing Technology Divide: A Deeper Exploration of ... - Medium
- Digital technology and regional income inequality: Are better ...
- Mitigating technology gaps' contribution to international income ...
- PDF The Impact of Technological Advancements on Income Inequality
- PDF AI and Technology s Influence on Economic Inequality: A Study of Wealth ...
Humanities And Social Sciences Communications Volume 11, Article Number: 809
Humanities and Social Sciences Communications volume 11, Article number: 809 (2024) Cite this article This study seeks to understand the nuanced relationship between technological innovation and income inequality with an emphasis on the broader implications of this interplay on human–technology interactions in diverse socioeconomic settings. Using cross-country panel data from 59 nations (31 devel...
These Findings Shed Light On The Double-edged Nature Of Technological
These findings shed light on the double-edged nature of technological advancements, underscoring the need for informed policy-making that harnesses the benefits of innovation while mitigating its unintended socioeconomic consequences. The study sets the stage for domain-specific explorations such as in education, public health and business. It also invites interdisciplinary discourse on the ethica...
According To The Human Development Report In 2021/2022 (UNDP, 2022),
According to the Human Development Report in 2021/2022 (UNDP, 2022), rising economic hardship and INE are driving trends in polarisation, which results in social turmoil, political contradiction and armed conflict that impede economic development... Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic sounded the alarm on the fragility of economic systems and has imbued countries with a sense of fear and danger. T...
2020). According To The Global Education Monitoring Report, Despite The
2020). According to the Global Education Monitoring Report, despite the wide-scale adoption of digital technologies, there still exist significant disparities in access among various economic groups (UNESCO, 2023). Rapid advancements in digital technologies has indeed ushered in groundbreaking innovations and opportunities worldwide. However, the gap in access to digital technologies among differe...
This Interplay Between Humans And Technology Introduces Additional Complexities To
This interplay between humans and technology introduces additional complexities to diverse socioeconomic settings. In summary, it is critical to delve further into the determinants of INE and their interactions with technology, which contribute to formulating targeted policies to bridge the gap and advance societies towards inclusion. Technological innovation is the application of new knowledge to...