Recognizing The Harmful Effects Of Disinformation Oasis Open

Bonisiwe Shabane
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recognizing the harmful effects of disinformation oasis open

By Francis Beland, Executive Director, OASIS Open Disinformation can have serious negative impacts on individuals, communities, and society as a whole. It is important to be aware of the dangers of disinformation and take steps to address it. The deliberate spread of false or misleading information can have serious and far-reaching consequences. Disinformation erodes trust in institutions, government, and the media. This can lead to a breakdown in social cohesion and make it harder for people to make informed decisions.

It can amplify existing divisions within society, creating polarized opinions and attitudes. This can lead to increased social unrest, conflict, and even violence. Disinformation can cause people to believe things that are not true. This can lead to harmful behaviors, such as refusing to take necessary health precautions or making important decisions based on false information. In addition, it can be used to manipulate people’s opinions and beliefs for political or financial gain. This can undermine democratic processes and lead to the spread of harmful ideologies.

Finally, disinformation can be used as a tool to spread malware or phishing scams, leading to data breaches and other cybersecurity risks. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) play a pivotal role in combating disinformation, as their work often revolves around issues that are vulnerable to manipulation and distortion. By harnessing the power of documentation and implementing effective solutions, NGOs can become a powerful force in the war against falsehoods. Disinformation is a malevolent influence and is defined as deliberately disseminating false or misleading information with the explicit intent of manipulating public opinion and causing harm(1). NGOs, often involved in issues that may be influenced by or are related to disinformation, need to comprehend the nature of this challenge. Deceptive intent is a key characteristic of disinformation, as it is purposefully designed to mislead, typically with motives rooted in political, ideological, or economic interests, amplifying its inherent threat.

Coordinated campaigns, orchestrated by both state and non-state actors, exploit weaknesses in the information ecosystem to propagate disinformation on a larger scale. This manipulation of information not only deceives, but also undermines trust, as disinformation acts as a corrosive force, eroding faith in institutions, fostering division within communities, and challenging the fundamental principles of human rights. That is why, the multifaceted nature of disinformation poses a significant risk to the integrity of information and the cohesion of societies. The influence of disinformation extends beyond individual beliefs and society; it also intertwines with the critical realm of documentation, further highlighting the importance of meticulous record-keeping. The negative impact of disinformation on individuals and society has profound implications for civil society’s work. Between truth and deception, disinformation has the ability to produce complex notions or overlap with other profound consequences.

Some of these include scepticism and uncertainty, societal divisions and polarisation, and the manipulation of emotions, illustrating how disinformation paints a challenging picture. Received 2022 Oct 20; Revised 2023 Jan 7; Accepted 2023 Jan 12; Issue date 2023. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Online social networks (OSNs) are rapidly growing and have become a huge source of all kinds of global and local news for millions of users. However, OSNs are a double-edged sword.

Although the great advantages they offer such as unlimited easy communication and instant news and information, they can also have many disadvantages and issues. One of their major challenging issues is the spread of fake news. Fake news identification is still a complex unresolved issue. Furthermore, fake news detection on OSNs presents unique characteristics and challenges that make finding a solution anything but trivial. On the other hand, artificial intelligence (AI) approaches are still incapable of overcoming this challenging problem. To make matters worse, AI techniques such as machine learning and deep learning are leveraged to deceive people by creating and disseminating fake content.

Consequently, automatic fake news detection remains a huge challenge, primarily because the content is designed in a way to closely resemble the truth, and it is often hard to determine its veracity by AI... This work aims to provide a comprehensive and systematic review of fake news research as well as a fundamental review of existing approaches used to detect and prevent fake news from spreading via OSNs. We present the research problem and the existing challenges, discuss the state of the art in existing approaches for fake news detection, and point out the future research directions in tackling the challenges. Keywords: Fake news, Disinformation, Misinformation, Information disorder, Online deception, Online social networks Fake news, disinformation and misinformation have become such a scourge that Marcia McNutt, president of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, is quoted to have said (making an implicit reference to... Indeed, although online social networks (OSNs), also called social media, have improved the ease with which real-time information is broadcast; its popularity and its massive use have expanded the spread of fake news by...

Fake news may refer to the manipulation of information that can be carried out through the production of false information, or the distortion of true information. However, that does not mean that this problem is only created with social media. A long time ago, there were rumors in the traditional media that Elvis was not dead,2 that the Earth was flat,3 that aliens had invaded us,4, etc. Francis Beland, OASIS Open's Executive Director, explains the many harmful effects of #disinformation and how we can fight back. Read the blog: https://lnkd.in/eQGSmzrA Misinformation is spreading false, misleading, or inaccurate information, often without malicious intent.

It differs from disinformation, which is intentionally deceptive, but the effects of both can be equally harmful. In an age where information travels rapidly through social media, news outlets, and online platforms, misinformation can easily reach and influence a vast audience, shaping opinions, behaviors, and even policies. The impact on society is significant: misinformation can lead to public confusion, mistrust in reliable sources, and harmful behaviors, particularly in areas like public health, politics, and science. Combatting misinformation requires awareness, digital literacy, and a critical approach to the information we consume and share, making it a crucial issue for individuals, communities, and institutions. Misinformation is incorrect or misleading information that is shared, often without the intention to deceive. Unlike disinformation, which is deliberately false and shared with the purpose of manipulation, misinformation is typically spread by people who believe the information to be true.

This distinction is essential because misinformation, though unintentional, can still have harmful consequences. In today’s digital age, misinformation can spread rapidly through social media, news sites, and online messaging apps, reaching large audiences in a matter of minutes. People may share a post or article without verifying its accuracy simply because it aligns with their beliefs or because it seems credible at first glance. This can lead to a chain of sharing that amplifies the misinformation, potentially influencing public perception, spreading confusion, and even leading to misguided actions. Misinformation can have significant impacts, especially in sensitive areas like public health, politics, and science. For example, during health crises, misinformation about treatments, vaccines, or preventive measures can lead people to make unsafe choices, harming individuals and public health efforts.

Similarly, incorrect information about candidates or voting procedures can influence public opinion and even election outcomes in politics. Addressing misinformation is challenging but crucial, requiring digital literacy, fact-checking, and an informed public capable of critically evaluating information sources. In the age of rapid digital communication, information reaches people faster than ever. However, this ease of access to information has also led to an influx of misinformation—incorrect or misleading information shared widely, often unintentionally. Today, misinformation can spread across social media, news websites, and messaging platforms, reaching millions in seconds and influencing beliefs, behaviors, and even policies. Recognizing common examples of misinformation in today’s media is essential to navigate an increasingly complex information landscape.

About this guide: The purpose of this guide is to provide insights and strategies for overcoming confusion around identifying credible information. Over the past decade, our online information landscape has been dramatically transformed. As a result, telling fact from opinion, and identifying credible journalism, has become more difficult. Whether you are a concerned citizen or an educator, this guide is for you. Misinformation is defined as false, incomplete, inaccurate/misleading information or content which is generally shared by people who do not realize that it is false or misleading. This term is often used as a catch-all for all types of false or inaccurate information, regardless of whether referring to or sharing it was intentionally misleading.Disinformation is false or inaccurate information that is...

Wardle created the “7 Types of Information Disorder,” a typology that illustrates and emphasizes the types of information disorder in our media landscape, and this information disorder glossary. This typology was derived from a report commissioned by the Council of Europe. Essential questions to ask when analyzing information center on the authority of the source/author and the purpose of the information: Authority: Who wrote/sponsored it? Purpose: What do they want me to do with the information? Conspiracy theories and propaganda tap into our deepest fears, emotion, and deeply held beliefs or values. Our tendency toward cognitive biases also helps to make belief in these theories immune to logic.

We often wonder how any rational and logical-thinking person could believe in them, but facts don’t win arguments. If you find the tone, language or claims of a piece of information inspire visceral fear or anger, it’s a good idea to investigate the claims elsewhere by cross-referencing them with a variety of... U�@�O�H[��/Վ�P�dI��|c���@�EC�+`&�� ������qT���]e��V�������m�Be������N3�*\<�m�Ɵ�TN>���3]�����d���Jv����L�浙�`�f��� �H� 5�~�a|�����Rn�h�o`�3���A� �+Y��{~au�r�i���KYtQb�'��~�#�����fD�tn_k��<Ͱ9XSJ8g�s��5�ޭwza�(�cD��c�z8�i#��n%��&�q��ƭw��'�y�\�U7�R�@2����x��2X&Aȣ- g���]J��p�}�y��&^+��#�^R �Dx"\V�%�K�2q�@�׀�����=�����ݙ̧`A�ۃ.��cNJd��2��&�}2I]����i@*: g1Y��j��'p��yi��������?�Fy-��8i�Q�kZ�;��u"C(��f&���v�*���d���W��-�.K/rH�dRT����W�g�� � �� y��t�#�P�è(�y��a�L���e4�DW [�ܛך�4��'������f2�LrO4��F����B��V�6W�/ʼ���ۃbG[� ��`��m6~���z���7O�#/��x�5 ��<[۴�i��G�����G����%V��>�b����� Z���j�۪KO;�v� �~p{۾���4�����_w �E�m������m�u,�DUݺ2���xxiʷ�KR�[Z}�̗2�4�U����%q����y\�h�~:&8�Q�²�+�S��3���������-ڗ� �F�ܭ$���$�����c�"Y͞�7��m$��E��z�=��?���]�#�"���b��?���^A��_:7Ԩ0)$T�GR�;�d3v�cթ��Y����p�L���y3�_��h{�(�{���,O}K1�$��#�"|� P`��u��K�1%*L �>� ��r�5l?����ȝ9nv�1WN/KaqW�ʸW��|�s����& ��e��h�'�|�� ��5��܂n����#��ou��+<��HBܚ4gSر%�C9�z��8٧���If2��������؆�i;ɝ&ݛ�@X`S�}�LQƥ�L]�t��}��gi^�~��Ӵ��l|��-���Bұ���b$3�?C���������W�õ��M��p�Z4(��� ��G��!2Ln��4dK@�.����AH��P�bq҃������g'�j��_&�=L{ –f���t�?�8�I�09�X�p���p ��Q&��(�'��5>���$*8��$�M��~f�k��x�ا��&V�3�ob��޷�����8y���e��ŝDӓn��#E� �P�� ��c��]�a(̌+Zzށ���a��a(x�<�M��N��d#��=[_��G���>�w��;G,+�ߚΉ�z�G�z���� ���^��!�t�`���h�ηΟ⛪�ښ�Kn���İ \�~k$�C���7 �B� �ъH}H;9�<z�+4�n�N*T#�$�ڜ ��ZN�h�3%) Ԛ�nQ�nyEe��P�}tn&=g"��9$,[�V�o�E�C�ʆ���>��q��lWrm��ϵ={Ɇ�/�5�>��S|y��hX���MF��'.�Pg�"h�C���wI�n�S�G�ww��e���o���C���Q�IǥIlJQ�...  ��~����NR�Ο�e����]t�rPqh[��TQs��,�6MJ�����v;�w�]z�jV�p��-�ɨ��x ;�g�W��9\GH ��޴�;\0�d���J�I�,u�u"5�_A��D�z�{N��1y���;�C�W�����υS�t ��z Z3J�3$d����4�b�Bz�4+H����W<�a_�F�7g�a�I��8J�.{�Jd�J�,����p�d-@����,<��e|���_�ſ1��7j;��,xOx���),�FZ%�YQ��t*}�a�"�'�J�Ӟ�@�J����%,,�¼`�;u��ɶ�� "���vg C"�$%X�e a����>,׭����P���J��0~���q�*�d���7"�$\��b�eR蹄{���T�N�N1F�����:{�NR=]�U��:7ꅔ��;2<�Ƭ�a��5�?Ϣ�x�[/�$�z��wٍ � �{>�R'0@����TiT�d�;� C�ǺPQ��ܐkW��+U�Q=`"N�����P:��[*��O��݃R���n�υ:V&���G��o��Ç.�ҾC}�rA��� ��|�#dFg��YI�8���:��[�v� ��X����6��h��Q�s�L����=�N��D�4 (�� �NB�,����ߪ���Pi)ᄭ�a�!��,J��â��e����a��\�d� ���Ӡ��2y�_p��!&~a��`;��o8;�� �]�vҵ�(�Y��Y�Z-^���d1�E�Ӂocw��$Ut#����������#:f2��1aΎ��%:�'�����:gtg�s4�f% C�,����Z&e[?�j��G��蝐I߉|#h�ݍo7H#�����u���Z C�vr�"�鈰�:.�y]|��"�f% C�<��h���:���~�m�q�<t �ɟ�&�s�s� ҈Ņ%!�1y�C�BD~��9���mkE�K�}�Ƭ�a(��P* �9p���LJ<�*�07B&�Ŷv9 K���w\0� .���ǑR���e3>6�+�G$�J�.� ��c��,0>�J��qcO����0„to��n��j`i_b��`5"��!��ʝ�M�k[��n����J�6� �� ���3@�z�.�� &C��n+e�O��dH&o􆸇�, ��~h޶��l&�4+iW��P�BY��0 e�j��H�N�N�{�/�!���L�s��T���M�R�8��]���6Sz�'�Q$K���������� %�m �CYK8�]!bQ�O�IC^B�>�����<��l'C^5��`J��}2�dљ�4�|l}�ǝY(���p06d�%ZT�L��$%�h\�<5������$f��\��H�0... �f�ݞ~���*��RBl^�,���qq��[�l%yx�X���r��]�v�*po��<��F='wI�k�� m�I#d �7VO��M*����� �A萹��y~�U2۱�*���"� �~���f������� ��;�"wY�0z �A�K ��7����! /�Ar��5*ϭ�1rap��e}� tHܥ��D���0�Q�Iq�/�h��]x��5��!����E���H�E��@���.����M��nd4���]x,Ov�'4��'����f,Q��+����aP��Bp9H���4Qٛ���x���%�3�:�y��m����u+��l�[�SQ�n�ȑ�<%C��Qr���P.r�R0���/�&�B�i�p�68 ��w�.&z}�G�0���TpnQq��BR{��M���R�����1Ɔe�ʚ�Ӓ�G.6�r�Ed�ָL�E������W��]1��Isw��H�������E_#]�.\M����� Y���r�w���r���nY���� 9 ��ܕ�� w|�P.�y�љ#>�2d����e/�;��F�����?��L���I5w7�B(�#&����郎�w��g�N$wܑ�a����FO�e�n��}qʸ8s��O�����xn�Kܵ���G�/R9��g����^0H@����{�;�ly��ܥޑ������G�>�7�� �.ctN�f~�"L�.,�3�9�p��=.>]�8�1�ƀA�!���)e��<�ؒnãV��t ��� P.�3��OR)w �^g���欳�z�.6����ͳuKL�#s���x�|=w�ޒ����=3���~���W&���W�v�_d�Z���TC�Sֹ���x������c%�.�?�i�� ��lw3�*�wE��}�v1$%�k��Z�'��W�<���o4��r��+��0�H8�䑔��0�-�)9��i�42.`�HJx����4���� #�j��P  ׄ��琑pe���0�K�  W����f�H� Ї4wO��H�o%@Or0��5C'F7s�G�MVr7h`�}⾈ݚ��ݦ��0!s_A�Υ�w����w� &+��64�}�t����n�І4�m��ٯ{G�( �)��9 �!��X����hF3��v��5��زe(է Ѿ F��Ŵf�3�3*O��H���c�}��њ~ڲ�il��f_�|�(5�D��:�M��λu�g%���%��y���}�ή�]�u��5 �Y�E*���5��<�K*#���u�D��E*��v���#��j���n�H��b��6� ����G�?���}���5�$�:��ib\���k��D���'� F$������xm_�����V>V������`C�ɵ�MvZN�SH�Sږҷّ9����x�:�ow��˖���${-Cd���(���H�]ciY����f�#��u*�f7�K��,$�Y��: ��g� �������q�~��ZK�.;^���Pf����q9Fd����_���|8�Z�2^6�,u�~��T�s)mv��$b(��#��֥\f4�|Aw]��8�m�m�1��y)c_����ُ�i���Yʥ��>4��_�m3�5��]�z5��>~��/������� n_V��p.���� endstream endobj 347 0 obj...

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