Quantum Supremacy Nist

An official website of the United States government Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. https://www.nist.gov/physics/introduction-new-quantum-revolution/quantum-supremacy Researchers are no longer focused solely on building a quantum computer that could carry out Shor’s algorithm and break encryption codes.

For many, an intermediate goal is to achieve “quantum supremacy,” a term coined by Caltech’s John Preskill to describe the demonstration of a quantum computer that can carry out tasks that are not possible... In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that no classical computer can solve in any feasible amount of time,... Conceptually, quantum supremacy involves both the engineering task of building a powerful quantum computer and the computational-complexity-theoretic task of finding a problem that can be solved by that quantum computer and has a superpolynomial... Examples of proposals to demonstrate quantum supremacy include the boson sampling proposal of Aaronson and Arkhipov,[9] and sampling the output of random quantum circuits.[10][11] The output distributions that are obtained by making measurements in... For this conclusion to be valid, only very mild assumptions in the theory of computational complexity have to be invoked. In this sense, quantum random sampling schemes can have the potential to show quantum supremacy.[12]

A notable property of quantum supremacy is that it can be feasibly achieved by near-term quantum computers,[4] since it does not require a quantum computer to perform any useful task[13] or use high-quality quantum... In 1936, Alan Turing published his paper, "On Computable Numbers",[18] in response to the 1900 Hilbert Problems. Turing's paper described what he called a "universal computing machine", which later became known as a Turing machine. In 1980, Paul Benioff used Turing's paper to propose the theoretical feasibility of Quantum Computing. His paper, "The Computer as a Physical System: A Microscopic Quantum Mechanical Hamiltonian Model of Computers as Represented by Turing Machines",[19] was the first to demonstrate that it is possible to show the reversible... In 1981, Richard Feynman showed that quantum mechanics could not be efficiently simulated on classical devices.[20] During a lecture, he delivered the famous quote, "Nature isn't classical, dammit, and if you want to make...

Applications of Quantum Communications. 7 State Coordination Guides China to Early Quantum Breakthroughs 8 Incremental Policies and Mega Projects Build China’s Quantum Foundation. 8 Security Objectives Propel China’s Early Lead in Quantum Communications 9

State Coordination Drives Rapid but Uneven Quantum Computing Progress 10 Unfortunately, that doesn’t mean we’re suddenly living in the quantum era. Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. We may earn commission if you buy from a link. Why Trust Us? Here’s what you’ll learn when you read this story:

Spend an afternoon reading about quantum computing, and it won’t take long until you stumble across the term “quantum supremacy.” While this is quite a lofty-sounding boast, the idea is relatively simple: If a... Google first tried to claim the supremacy crown back in 2019, and researchers in China argued the same a year later. But in both cases, experts weren’t so sure if true supremacy had been achieved. In Google’s case, its Sycamore quantum computer completed a task in three minutes and 20 seconds that the company said would take a classical computer 10,000 years to complete. We may be on the cusp of quantum supremacy. But what does that actually mean?

When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission. Here’s how it works. Quantum computers are expected to solve some problems beyond the reach of the most powerful supercomputers imaginable. Reaching this milestone has been dubbed "quantum supremacy." But whether quantum supremacy has been achieved yet and what it would mean for the field remain unsettled. The term "quantum supremacy" was coined in 2012 by John Preskill, a professor of theoretical physics at Caltech, to describe the point at which a quantum computer can do something that a classical one...

Experts say quantum computing is the future of computers. Unlike conventional computers, quantum computers leverage the properties of quantum physics such as superposition and interference, theoretically outperforming current equipment to an exponential degree. When a quantum computer is able to solve a problem unfeasible for current technologies, this is called the quantum advantage. However, this edge is not guaranteed for all calculations, raising fundamental questions regarding the conditions under which such an advantage exists. While previous studies have proposed various sufficient conditions for quantum advantage, the necessity of these conditions has remained unclear. Motivated by this uncertainty, a team of researchers at Kyoto University has endeavored to understand the necessary and sufficient conditions for quantum advantage, using an approach combining techniques from quantum computing and cryptography, the...

Specifically, the team focused on interactive protocols called inefficient-verifier proofs of quantumness, which allow a verifier without a quantum computer to interact with a quantum prover and verify that it indeed possesses quantum computational... In their study, the team demonstrated that the existence of these proofs depends on the existence of a certain cryptographic primitive called a one-way puzzle. By integrating these methods, the team introduced a novel framework uniting the seemingly unrelated concepts of quantum advantage and cryptographic security. As a result, the team was able to completely characterize quantum advantage for the first time. With every passing day, quantum computers are getting closer to being practical computers that can be put to use in various industries and walks of life, but what are scientists and engineers actually aiming... When will these computers be ready?

One measure is that of "quantum supremacy". Once quantum supremacy is demonstrated, it will usher in the age of quantum computers for real, but what does it mean for quantum computers to have supremacy? In principle, quantum supremacy is something that has to be demonstrated over "classical" computers. That is, the computer you're using right now to read this. It uses binary logic to perform computations. At its core, it's all ones and zeros.

A quantum computer has "quantum supremacy" when it can do a calculation that's impractical for a classical computer to do because it would take too long to be useful. We know from Alan Turing's Universal Turing Machine that you can compute the answer to anything you can express mathematically with a classical computer. It's just that the answer might take several thousand times as long to compute as the age of the universe! This is actually a good time to stop and watch this brief explanation of Universal Turing Machines from the Computerphile channel. In our everyday experience, the world is 100% measurable, deterministic, and independent of the observer. The glass is either on the table in an unbroken state, or it’s on the floor in a shattered state, regardless of when or even whether you measure or observe it.

The three marbles in your bag are definitively colored red, green, and blue, and no matter how you shake that bag or for how long, the red marble remains red, the green marble remains... And if you look at that quarter that somehow fell onto your nightstand long ago, it will always behave as though either “heads” or “tails” is facing up, never as though it’s part-heads and... But in the quantum Universe, this isn’t necessarily the case. A radioactive atom that remains unobserved will exist in a superposition of “decayed” and “undecayed” states until that critical measurement is made. The three valence quarks making up your proton may all have a definitive color anytime you measure them, but exactly what color you observe is guaranteed to not be constant over time. And if you shoot many electrons, one-at-a-time, through a double slit and don’t measure which slit it goes through, the pattern you see will indicate that each electron went through both slits simultaneously.

This difference, between classical and quantum systems, has resulted in both scientific and technological revolutions. One field that’s only now emerging is quantum computing, carrying the fascinating notion of quantum supremacy along with it, but also spawning a large series of dubious claims and misinformation. Here’s an explainer about quantum supremacy and the current state of quantum computers to help you separate fact from fiction. Let’s start with an idea you’re probably familiar with: the notion of an everyday computer, also known as a classical computer. Although calculating machines and devices had been around for a long time, well prior to the 20th century, it was Alan Turing who gave us the modern idea of a classical computer in the... The simple version of a Turing machine is that you can encode any type of information you like into bits: or binary (with only two options) components that, for example, could be represented by...

You can then apply a series of successive operations to those bits (for example, operations such as “AND,” “OR,” “NOT,” and many more) in the proper order to perform any sort of arbitrary computation... Quantum computing represents a transformative technology with the potential to solve complex problems beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Its applications span drug discovery, materials science, cryptography, and optimization in logistics and finance. Researchers can develop new drugs and design advanced materials for energy storage and semiconductors by simulating molecular interactions at a quantum level. However, challenges such as high error rates, qubit stability, and scalability must be addressed to realize quantum computing’s full potential. The journey toward practical quantum computing has seen milestones like Google’s 2019 demonstration of quantum supremacy, where a 53-quantum-bit processor outperformed classical supercomputers on a specific task.

This achievement highlights the technology’s promise but also underscores the challenges ahead. Current approaches to building quantum computers include superconducting circuits, trapped ions, and photonic systems, each with unique limitations, such as coherence times for superconducting circuits or connectivity issues for trapped ions. Researchers are enhancing qubit quality, refining error-correction protocols, and integrating quantum systems with classical computers to address these challenges. Collaborative efforts between academia, industry, and governments drive progress toward scalable solutions. Initiatives like the National Quantum Initiative Act emphasize overcoming limitations while paving the way for widespread adoption. As quantum computing evolves, its impact on fields such as cryptography, materials science, and drug discovery will be profound, unlocking new insights through quantum simulations and enabling advancements in solar cells, batteries, and therapeutic...

Quantum supremacy refers to the point at which a quantum computer can solve a problem that no classical computer could solve in a reasonable amount of time. This concept was first articulated by physicist John Preskill in 2012 and has since become a benchmark for measuring progress in quantum computing. Achieving quantum supremacy demonstrates the potential of quantum systems to outperform their classical counterparts, marking a significant milestone in the field. The foundation of quantum computing lies in the principles of quantum mechanics, particularly superposition and entanglement. Unlike classical bits, which can only be in a state of 0 or 1, qubits—the basic units of quantum information—can exist simultaneously in a superposition of both states. This property allows quantum computers to process many possibilities simultaneously, exponentially increasing their computational power compared to classical systems.

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