Pdf Cognitive Psychology College Of The Canyons

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Please note: you need to verify every book you want to send to your Kindle. Check your mailbox for the verification email from Amazon Kindle. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY PSYCH126Acknowledgements College of the Canyons would like to extend appreciation to the following people and organizations for allowing this textbook to be created: California Community Colleges Chancellor’s Office Chancellor Diane Van Hook... Special Thank You to Trudi Radtke for editing, formatting, readability, and aesthetics.The contents of this textbook were developed under the Title V grant from the Department of Education(Award #P031S140092). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of theDepartment of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government. Unless otherwise noted, the content in this textbook is licensed under CC BY 4.0Table of ContentsPsychology ....................................................................................................................................................

1126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive Psychology ............................................................................................. 7 Definition of Cognitive Psychology ....................................................................................................... 7 Historical Roots: History of Cognition ................................................................................................... 7 Mnemonic Devices................................................................................................................................ 9 Early Psychology—Structuralism and Functionalism ..........................................................................

15 Contributions to Cognitive Psychology “Birth” ................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2 – The Brain ............................................................................................................................. 33 The Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems..................................................................................... 33 How Much of Your Brain Do You Use?................................................................................................ 37 Lower-Level Structures of the Brain ................................................................................................... 38 Limbic System and Other Brain Areas.................................................................................................

45 Somatosensory and Motor Cortex...................................................................................................... 51 Hemispheres ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Split-Brain Measures-severing the corpus callosum........................................................................... 56 Trauma ................................................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 3 – Methods of Research .......................................................................................................... 61 Chapter 4 - Memory................................................................................................................................

65 Memory and the Brain ........................................................................................................................ 65 Memory Processes.............................................................................................................................. 68 Encoding.............................................................................................................................................. 72 Storage ................................................................................................................................................ 76 Retrieval .............................................................................................................................................. 78 Modal Model of Memory....................................................................................................................

81 Ebbinghaus.......................................................................................................................................... 87 William James: isolating Short-term and Long-term memory............................................................ 89 Serial Position Curve ........................................................................................................................... 90 Recency Effects and Primary Effects ................................................................................................... 91 Short Term memory............................................................................................................................ 92 Chapter 5 – Working Memory ................................................................................................................

93The difference between Working Memory and Short-Term Memory ............................................... 93 Components of Memory: Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad ................ 93 Long –Term Memory........................................................................................................................... 95 Decay vs. Interference ......................................................................................................................100 Forgetting .......................................................................................................................................... 102 Encoding Specificity Principle ...........................................................................................................115 Reconstruction of Memories ............................................................................................................118 Autobiographical Memories .............................................................................................................127 Amnesia.............................................................................................................................................

129 Eyewitness Memory..........................................................................................................................133 Attention Blindness...........................................................................................................................142 Weapon Focus...................................................................................................................................149 Cross –Race effect.............................................................................................................................150 Source Monitoring ............................................................................................................................151 Memory Techniques .........................................................................................................................152Chapter 6 – Problem Solving.................................................................................................................159 Types of Problems.............................................................................................................................159 Problem Solving Strategies ...............................................................................................................160 Means –Ends Analysis .......................................................................................................................163 Reasoning by Analogy... 179Chapter 8- Reasoning............................................................................................................................181 Formal Reasoning..............................................................................................................................181 Deductive Reasoning + Inductive Reasoning ....................................................................................204 Propositional Reasoning: ..................................................................................................................205 Venn Diagrams ..................................................................................................................................205Syllogisms .......................................................................................................................................... 208Chapter 9 - Decision Making .................................................................................................................210 Representativeness ........................................................................................................................... 210 Availability ......................................................................................................................................... 210 Anchoring ..........................................................................................................................................213 Framing .............................................................................................................................................217 Sunk Cost Effect ................................................................................................................................218 Hindsight Bias....................................................................................................................................218 Illusory Correlations ..........................................................................................................................219 Confirmation Bias..............................................................................................................................220 Belief Perseverance Bias ...................................................................................................................220 Overconfidence ................................................................................................................................. 221Chapter 10 – Perception .......................................................................................................................225 Sensation vs.

Perception ...................................................................................................................225 Classic View of Perception ................................................................................................................227 Visual Illusions...................................................................................................................................227 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up (Conceptually-driven vs. Data-driven processing) ..................................235 Multisensory Perception...................................................................................................................236 Subliminal Perception .......................................................................................................................239 Synesthesia .......................................................................................................................................239 McGurk Effect-Bimodal Speech Perception:.....................................................................................240Chapter 11 – Attention .........................................................................................................................241 WHAT IS ATTENTION? .......................................................................................................................241 History of Attention ..........................................................................................................................243 Selective Attention and Models of Attention ...................................................................................251 Divided Attention..............................................................................................................................255 Subitizing ........................................................................................................................................... 258 Auditory Attention ............................................................................................................................259Chapter 12 - Classification and Categorization / Pattern Recognition..................................................261 Approaches to Pattern Recognition..................................................................................................261 Face Recognition Systems.................................................................................................................262 Concepts and Categories ..................................................................................................................263Conclusion: So, what is Cognitive Psychology?.................................................................................271Chapter 1 - History of Cognitive PsychologyDefinition... The brain is endlessly perceiving, processing, planning, organizing, andremembering—it is always active.

Yet, you don’t notice most of your brain’s activity as youmove throughout your daily routine. This is only one facet of the complex processes involved incognition. Simply put, cognition is thinking, and it encompasses the processes associated withperception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. Scientists whostudy cognition are searching for ways to understand how we integrate, organize, and utilizeour conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work thatour brains are doing (for example, Kahneman,... In what order should you run your errands? Should you go to the bank, thecleaners, or the grocery store first?

Can you get these things done before you head to class orwill they need to wait until school is done? These thoughts are one example of cognition atwork. Exceptionally complex, cognition is an essential feature of human consciousness, yet notall aspects of cognition are consciously experienced.Cognitive psychology is the field of psychology dedicated to examining how people think. Itattempts to explain how and why we think the way we do by studying the interactions amonghuman thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem solving, in addition to othercognitive processes. Cognitive psychologists strive to determine and measure different types ofintelligence, why some people are better at problem solving than others, and how emotionalintelligence affects success in the workplace, among countless other topics. They alsosometimes focus on how we organize thoughts and information gathered from ourenvironments into meaningful categories of thought, which will be discussed later.Historical Roots: History of Cognition“Cognition” is a term for a wide swath...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Name major figures in the history of cognition.KEY TAKEAWAYS Key Points • Cognition is the set of all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, including attention, memory, judgment, reasoning, problem... • Aristotle, Descartes, and Wundt are among the earliest philosopherswho dealt specifically with the act of cognition. • Cognitive processes can be analyzed through the lenses of many different fields, including linguistics, anesthesia, neuroscience, education, philosophy, biology, computer science, and psychology. Key Terms • cognition: The set of all mental abilities and processes related to knowledge. • cognitive science: An interdisciplinary field that analyses mental functions and processes.Cogito Ergo SumMaybe you’ve heard the phrase I think , therefore I am, or perhaps even the Latinversion: Cogito ergo sum. This simple expression is one of enormous philosophical importance,because it is about the act of thinking.

Thought has been of fascination to humans for manycenturies, with questions like What is thinking? and How do people think? and Why do peoplethink? troubling and intriguing many philosophers, psychologists, scientists, and others.The word “cognition” is the closest scientific synonym for thinking. It comes from the same rootas the Latin word cogito, which is one of the forms of the verb “to know.” Cognition is the set ofall mental abilities and processes related to knowledge, including... It can be concrete orabstract.

It is intuitive, meaning that nobody has to learn or be taught how to think. It justhappens as part of being human. Cognitive processes use existing knowledge but are capable ofgenerating new knowledge through logic and inference.History of CognitionPeople have been studying knowledge in various ways for centuries. Some of the mostimportant figures in the study of cognition are:Aristotle (384–322 BCE)The study of human cognition began over two thousand years ago. The Greek philosopherAristotle was interested in many fields, including the inner workings of the mind and how theyaffect the human experience. He also placed great importance on ensuring that his studies andideas were based on empirical evidence (scientific information that is gathered throughobservation and careful experimentation).Descartes (1596–1650)René Descartes was a seventeenth-century philosopher who coined the...

The simple meaning of this phrase is that the act of thinkingproves that a thinker exists. Descartes came up with this idea when trying to prove whetheranyone could truly know anything despite the fact that our senses sometimes deceive us. As heexplains, “We cannot doubt of our existence while we doubt.”Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)Wilhelm Wundt is considered one of the founding figures of modern psychology; in fact, hewas the first person to call himself a... Wundt believed that scientific psychologyshould focus on introspection, or analysis of the contents of one’s own mind and experience.Though today Wundt’s methods are recognized as being subjective and unreliable, he is one ofthe important... Because of the number of disciplines that study cognition to somedegree, the term can have different meanings in different contexts. For example, in psychology,“cognition” usually refers to processing of neural information; in social psychology the term“social cognition” refers to attitudes and group attributes.

These numerous approaches to theanalysis of cognition are synthesized in the relatively new field of cognitive science, theinterdisciplinary study of mental processes and functions.Mnemonic DevicesWhat is the nature of thought/how is it organized?Concepts and... The sensesserve as the interface between the mind and the external environment, receiving stimuli andtranslating it into nervous impulses that are transmitted to the brain. The brain then processesthis information and uses the relevant pieces to create thoughts, which can then be expressedthrough language or stored in memory for future use. To make this process more complex, thebrain does not gather information from external environments only. When thoughts areformed, the brain also pulls information from emotions and memories. Emotion and memoryare powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.Figure 1.

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1126 ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Chapter 1 - History Of Cognitive Psychology

15 Contributions To Cognitive Psychology “Birth” ................................................................................... 28 Chapter 2

45 Somatosensory And Motor Cortex...................................................................................................... 51 Hemispheres ....................................................................................................................................... 53 Split-Brain