Misinformation Disinformation And Propaganda Source Bias

"Evaluating news sources is one of the more contentious issues out there. People have their favorite news sources and don't like to be told that their news source is untrustworthy. For fact-checking, it's helpful to draw a distinction between two activities: Most newspaper articles are not lists of facts, which means that outfits like The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times do both news gathering and news analysis in their stories. What has been lost in the dismissal of the New York Times as liberal and the Wall Street Journal as conservative is that these are primarily biases of the news analysis portion of what... To the extent the bias exists, it's in what they choose to cover, to whom they choose to talk, and what they imply in the way they arrange those facts they collect.

The news gathering piece is affected by this, but in many ways largely separate, and the reputation for fact checking is largely separate as well." [edited with italics and emphasis added] Sourced from Michael A. Caulfield's Web Literacy for Student Fact Checkers. 26: Evaluating News Sources. Some organizations research news organizations and evaluate the general accuracy of their news reporting and their political positions. Among these is Ad Fontes Media.

Ad Fontes has created and periodically updates a Media Bias Chart which categorizes news sources on two dimensions--accuracy of their factual and investigative reporting on one dimension and, on a second dimension, their editorial... Ad Fontes also exposes their rating methodology. About this guide: The purpose of this guide is to provide insights and strategies for overcoming confusion around identifying credible information. Over the past decade, our online information landscape has been dramatically transformed. As a result, telling fact from opinion, and identifying credible journalism, has become more difficult. Whether you are a concerned citizen or an educator, this guide is for you.

Misinformation is defined as false, incomplete, inaccurate/misleading information or content which is generally shared by people who do not realize that it is false or misleading. This term is often used as a catch-all for all types of false or inaccurate information, regardless of whether referring to or sharing it was intentionally misleading.Disinformation is false or inaccurate information that is... Wardle created the “7 Types of Information Disorder,” a typology that illustrates and emphasizes the types of information disorder in our media landscape, and this information disorder glossary. This typology was derived from a report commissioned by the Council of Europe. Essential questions to ask when analyzing information center on the authority of the source/author and the purpose of the information: Authority: Who wrote/sponsored it? Purpose: What do they want me to do with the information?

Conspiracy theories and propaganda tap into our deepest fears, emotion, and deeply held beliefs or values. Our tendency toward cognitive biases also helps to make belief in these theories immune to logic. We often wonder how any rational and logical-thinking person could believe in them, but facts don’t win arguments. If you find the tone, language or claims of a piece of information inspire visceral fear or anger, it’s a good idea to investigate the claims elsewhere by cross-referencing them with a variety of... INFORMATION (noun): "Knowledge communicated concerning some particular fact, subject, or event; that of which one is apprised or told; intelligence, news." (Oxford English Dictionary, 2022) Information should always be accurate, and be either free of bias or making note of its own bias.

To have value, information also needs to be useful for a given purpose. Because of its historical use, many people associate propaganda with inflammatory speech or writing that has no basis in fact. In reality, propaganda may easily be based in fact, but facts represented in such a way as to provoke a desired response. "Propaganda" is defined as the "the systematic dissemination of information, especially in a biased or misleading way, in order to promote a political cause or point of view." (Oxford English Dictionary online) Political campaign speeches and party political statements are often a form of propaganda. They fit this definition when they present the opposing point of view in an unfavorable light.

Many people share misinformation unknowingly and sometimes with good or altruistic intentions - whether to articulate their perspectives, warn others away from danger or join others in trying to make sense of the world... But some knowingly share things they suspect are false - whether to damage “the other side” in a political debate, get social media likes and shares, or conform to their ideological identities. Bad actors - such as hyperpartisans, trolls and even foreign agents - create and share disinformation to cause division and confusion, to promote political interests and points of view or for financial gain. Use this section of the guide to help you understand what misinformation and disinformation is, learn why people share it and what red flags to look out for. Adapted content from The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) Common misinformation themes and “rumor cues" to look out for:

Biases Make People Vulnerable to Misinformation Spread by Social Media Researchers have developed tools to study the cognitive, societal and algorithmic biases that help fake news spread By Giovanni Luca Ciampaglia, Filippo Menczer & The Conversation US The following essay is reprinted with permission from The Conversation, an online publication covering the latest research. Social media are among the primary sources of news in the U.S. and across the world.

Yet users are exposed to content of questionable accuracy, including conspiracy theories, clickbait, hyperpartisan content, pseudo science and even fabricated “fake news” reports. Source: https://www.facinghistory.org/resource-library/facing-ferguson-news-literacy-digital-age/confirmation-and-other-biases Logical Fallacies “are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.” Source: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/academic_writing/logic_in_argumentative_writing/fallacies.html “There is a slight difference between a fallacy and a cognitive bias.

A logical fallacy is an untruth or faulty reasoning or an unsound judgment or argument.” Source: https://fedvte.usalearning.gov/courses/ICI/course/videos/pdf/ICI_D02_S01_T03_STEP.pdf Disinformation and "fake news" both refer to news or real life occurrences that are falsified and that aim to deceive readers, tricking them into believing it is true, factual information. The phrase "fake news" has become politicized in many contexts; this guide will generally use the term disinformation. Most disinformation takes one of four forms: It is common for misinformation, disinformation, and "fake news" to provoke emotional responses to encourage engagement.

If you see any posts that contain any of the following (or similar) phrases, the information in the post might be worth investigating. Sometimes disinformation is created due to an error, mistake, or misunderstanding on the part of an individual or group posting to a wider audience. The people creating and spreading this type of dis- and misinformation are typically sharing what they genuinely believe to be true, without digging deeper and fact-checking. But quite often disinformation is posted by people or groups with less altruistic intentions. Here are five broad categories that tend to motivate the creation of disinformation.

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