University of Kwazulu-Natal

Entanglement Meets Artificial Intelligence In Quantum Sensors

Bonisiwe Shabane
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entanglement meets artificial intelligence in quantum sensors

Nature Physics volume 21, pages 870–871 (2025)Cite this article The high precision of atomic sensors can be further enhanced by quantum correlations between atoms prepared in an entangled state through the use of artificial intelligence. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution Access Nature and 54 other Nature Portfolio journals Get Nature+, our best-value online-access subscription arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website.

Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs. Abstract Quantum entanglement – a quantum phenomenon wherein particles share linked states – has moved from a theoretical curiosity to a cornerstone of cutting-edge technology. This paper explores how entanglement underpins and enhances quantum sensors, devices that exploit quantum effects to achieve ultra-sensitive measurements.

We begin with an introduction to the principles and history of quantum entanglement, from the 1935 Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox to its modern validation and importance in quantum physics (Einstein, Podolsky, & Rosen, 1935; Schrödinger, 1935). We then provide an overview of quantum sensing, describing how quantum sensors operate and why they promise sensitivity beyond classical limits (Wikipedia contributors, 2025a). Next, we examine how entanglement enables quantum-enhanced sensing: entangled particles can act in unison to reduce noise and surpass classical precision limits, as demonstrated in recent atomic clock and interferometry experiments (Manning, 2024; McAlpine,... Specific real-world applications are discussed – including entanglement-based navigation systems for GPS-denied environments, advanced medical imaging techniques, geological exploration tools, and defense-related sensors such as quantum radar and secure navigation (Choi, 2023; Lloyd et... We highlight recent advances (2020–2025) in theory and practice: from Nobel Prize–winning tests of entanglement to experimental demonstrations of entangled sensor networks achieving superior precision (Aspect, Grangier, & Roger, 1982; Hesla, 2022). We also address the challenges of using entanglement in sensing, such as fragility (decoherence), scaling limitations, and practical implementation hurdles.

Finally, we offer a future outlook on this rapidly evolving field, anticipating continued progress in entanglement generation, miniaturization of quantum sensors, and integration of entangled sensor networks – developments poised to revolutionize precision measurement... Introduction Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon where two or more particles are interconnected such that the state of one instantly affects the state of the other, regardless of the distance between them. This concept, introduced by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (1935) and further elaborated by Schrödinger (1935), challenged classical views of locality and determinism. Though initially controversial, the phenomenon has been experimentally verified multiple times (Aspect et al., 1982) and has become central to the field of quantum information science. Entanglement not only highlights the peculiarities of quantum mechanics but also represents a fundamental resource in quantum technologies. Its integration into real-world applications has driven a new wave of interdisciplinary research combining physics, engineering, and computer science.

With ongoing developments, entanglement is increasingly being recognized not only as a theoretical hallmark but as an operational tool that could underlie a new generation of quantum-enabled infrastructure. Principles of Quantum Sensing Quantum sensors exploit quantum mechanical properties such as superposition, entanglement, and tunneling to achieve unprecedented levels of precision and sensitivity. These devices typically use atoms, ions, or photons to measure physical quantities like time, acceleration, rotation, and electromagnetic fields (Wikipedia contributors, 2025a). Quantum sensing is distinguished from classical sensing by its ability to surpass the standard quantum limit through techniques such as entanglement and squeezing. In many cases, quantum sensors are built using ultracold atomic ensembles or solid-state systems such as nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. These systems can detect incredibly subtle changes in their environment, such as gravitational waves, neural activity in the human brain, or subatomic field fluctuations.

As the field evolves, researchers are increasingly focusing on hybrid systems that combine quantum sensors with classical electronics, data processing algorithms, and artificial intelligence to enhance performance and enable real-time data interpretation. Metrological institutions around the world administer our time, using atomic clocks based on the natural oscillations of atoms. These clocks, pivotal for applications like satellite navigation or data transfer, have recently been improved by using ever-higher oscillation frequencies in optical atomic clocks. Now, scientists at the University of Innsbruck and the Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences led by Christian Roos show how a particular way of creating... Observations of quantum systems are always subject to a certain statistical uncertainty. “This is due to the nature of the quantum world,” explains Johannes Franke from Christian Roos’ team.

“Entanglement can help us reduce these errors.” With the support of theorist Ana Maria Rey from JILA in Boulder, USA, the Innsbruck physicists tested the measurement accuracy on an entangled ensemble of particles in the laboratory. The researchers used lasers to tune the interaction of ions lined up in a vacuum chamber and entangled them. “The interaction between neighboring particles decreases with the distance between the particles. Therefore, we used spin-exchange interactions to allow the system to behave more collectively,” explains Raphael Kaubrügger from the Department of Theoretical Physics at the University of Innsbruck. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity.© Copyright 2026 IEEE - All rights reserved.

Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. Quantum entanglement could be a whole lot easier going forward. The rise of artificial intelligence has reshaped the way we all work—and that includes quantum physicists. In a new paper published in the journal Physical Review Letters, scientists from Nanjing University in China and the Max Planck Institute in Germany detail how they stumbled across a simpler method for achieving... Because of this, it would be incredibly helpful to find ways to create entanglement easily—especially as the current method involves forming two separate entangled pairs, performing a Bell-state measurement, collapsing the quantum system, and... In this new paper, researchers describe how they were using an AI tool called PyTheus—which was built for designing quantum experiments—to reproduce this well-known method for creating entanglement when it instead found a simpler...

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